The effect of increased concentration of Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid on heartbeat, and the reason for lowering of blood Ca2+ concentration, which causes muscle spasms. Introduction: The cardiac muscles are present only in the heart and the cells of the cardiac muscles are called myocardial cells. These cells are short, striated, branched and are interconnected by gap junctions or electrical synapse. The cardiac cells generate action potential automatically by a pacemaker and it is conducted throughout the length of the cardiac muscle which results in muscle contraction.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 33RA

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effect of increased concentration of Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid on heartbeat, and the reason for lowering of blood Ca2+ concentration, which causes muscle spasms.

Introduction:

The cardiac muscles are present only in the heart and the cells of the cardiac muscles are called myocardial cells. These cells are short, striated, branched and are interconnected by gap junctions or electrical synapse. The cardiac cells generate action potential automatically by a pacemaker and it is conducted throughout the length of the cardiac muscle which results in muscle contraction.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 33RA

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effect of increased concentration of Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid on heartbeat, and the reason for lowering of blood Ca2+ concentration, which causes muscle spasms.

Introduction:

The cardiac muscles are present only in the heart and the cells of the cardiac muscles are called myocardial cells. These cells are short, striated, branched and are interconnected by gap junctions or electrical synapse. The cardiac cells generate action potential automatically by a pacemaker and it is conducted throughout the length of the cardiac muscle which results in muscle contraction.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 33RA

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effect of increased concentration of Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid on heartbeat, and the reason for lowering of blood Ca2+ concentration, which causes muscle spasms.

Introduction:

The cardiac muscles are present only in the heart and the cells of the cardiac muscles are called myocardial cells. These cells are short, striated, branched and are interconnected by gap junctions or electrical synapse. The cardiac cells generate action potential automatically by a pacemaker and it is conducted throughout the length of the cardiac muscle which results in muscle contraction.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 33RA

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effect of increased concentration of Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid on heartbeat, and the reason for lowering of blood Ca2+ concentration, which causes muscle spasms.

Introduction:

The cardiac muscles are present only in the heart and the cells of the cardiac muscles are called myocardial cells. These cells are short, striated, branched and are interconnected by gap junctions or electrical synapse. The cardiac cells generate action potential automatically by a pacemaker and it is conducted throughout the length of the cardiac muscle which results in muscle contraction.

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Answer 5

Chapter 12, Problem 33RA

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effect of increased concentration of Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid on heartbeat, and the reason for lowering of blood Ca2+ concentration, which causes muscle spasms.

Introduction:

The cardiac muscles are present only in the heart and the cells of the cardiac muscles are called myocardial cells. These cells are short, striated, branched and are interconnected by gap junctions or electrical synapse. The cardiac cells generate action potential automatically by a pacemaker and it is conducted throughout the length of the cardiac muscle which results in muscle contraction.

Answer 6

Chapter 12, Problem 33RA

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effect of increased concentration of Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid on heartbeat, and the reason for lowering of blood Ca2+ concentration, which causes muscle spasms.

Introduction:

The cardiac muscles are present only in the heart and the cells of the cardiac muscles are called myocardial cells. These cells are short, striated, branched and are interconnected by gap junctions or electrical synapse. The cardiac cells generate action potential automatically by a pacemaker and it is conducted throughout the length of the cardiac muscle which results in muscle contraction.

Answer 7

Chapter 12, Problem 33RA

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effect of increased concentration of Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid on heartbeat, and the reason for lowering of blood Ca2+ concentration, which causes muscle spasms.

Introduction:

The cardiac muscles are present only in the heart and the cells of the cardiac muscles are called myocardial cells. These cells are short, striated, branched and are interconnected by gap junctions or electrical synapse. The cardiac cells generate action potential automatically by a pacemaker and it is conducted throughout the length of the cardiac muscle which results in muscle contraction.

Answer 8

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Answer 9

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Answer 10

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Answer 11

Ch. 12 - Describe the actions of muscles when they...Ch. 12 - Describe the different levels of muscle structure,...Ch. 12 - Define the terms motor unit and innervation ratio...Ch. 12 - Using the concept of recruitment, explain how...Ch. 12 - With reference to the sliding filament theory,...Ch. 12 - Prob. 3bCP Ch. 12 - Describe a cycle of cross-bridge activity during...Ch. 12 - Prob. 4bCP Ch. 12 - Use a flowchart to show the sequence of events...Ch. 12 - Prob. 5bCP

Solution Summary: The author explains the role of Ca2+ in the heart, and the reason for lowering the blood concentration, which causes muscle spasms.

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