The common modes of HIV transmission and the ways in which this infection could be prevented. Introduction: HIV is a Human immune virus that causes AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in human beings. This virus attacks the immune system of the body, which specifically affects the T cells of the immune system. The T cells are responsible to fight off many infections and diseases.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To describe: The common modes of HIV transmission and the ways in which this infection could be prevented.

Introduction: HIV is a Human immune virus that causes AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in human beings. This virus attacks the immune system of the body, which specifically affects the T cells of the immune system. The T cells are responsible to fight off many infections and diseases.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

HIV could be transmitted through various modes as follows:

Sexual intercourse: It is the primary mode of transmission of HIV. These viruses survive in the semen and vaginal secretions. Hence, it could be easily transmitted from person to person through the semen and cervical and vaginal secretions.

Blood transfusion: The HIV resides in the blood and it could also be transferred from the infected person to the normal person through blood transfusion. It is also transmitted using the HIV contaminated needles and syringes.

Perinatal transmission: HIV could be transmitted from the HIV-infected mother to the baby during the perinatal period (the period immediately before and after the child’s birth).

Prevention of HIV:

HIV could be prevented by having safe sexual practices such as using condoms and avoiding multiple sex partners. Sterile needles and syringes should be used. Standard precautions should be used in handling the body secretions of the infected patients. The blood or blood products that are been used for transfusion should have to be tested properly before transfusion.

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A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.

With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To describe: The common modes of HIV transmission and the ways in which this infection could be prevented.

Introduction: HIV is a Human immune virus that causes AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in human beings. This virus attacks the immune system of the body, which specifically affects the T cells of the immune system. The T cells are responsible to fight off many infections and diseases.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

HIV could be transmitted through various modes as follows:

Sexual intercourse: It is the primary mode of transmission of HIV. These viruses survive in the semen and vaginal secretions. Hence, it could be easily transmitted from person to person through the semen and cervical and vaginal secretions.

Blood transfusion: The HIV resides in the blood and it could also be transferred from the infected person to the normal person through blood transfusion. It is also transmitted using the HIV contaminated needles and syringes.

Perinatal transmission: HIV could be transmitted from the HIV-infected mother to the baby during the perinatal period (the period immediately before and after the child’s birth).

Prevention of HIV:

HIV could be prevented by having safe sexual practices such as using condoms and avoiding multiple sex partners. Sterile needles and syringes should be used. Standard precautions should be used in handling the body secretions of the infected patients. The blood or blood products that are been used for transfusion should have to be tested properly before transfusion.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To describe: The common modes of HIV transmission and the ways in which this infection could be prevented.

Introduction: HIV is a Human immune virus that causes AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in human beings. This virus attacks the immune system of the body, which specifically affects the T cells of the immune system. The T cells are responsible to fight off many infections and diseases.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

HIV could be transmitted through various modes as follows:

Sexual intercourse: It is the primary mode of transmission of HIV. These viruses survive in the semen and vaginal secretions. Hence, it could be easily transmitted from person to person through the semen and cervical and vaginal secretions.

Blood transfusion: The HIV resides in the blood and it could also be transferred from the infected person to the normal person through blood transfusion. It is also transmitted using the HIV contaminated needles and syringes.

Perinatal transmission: HIV could be transmitted from the HIV-infected mother to the baby during the perinatal period (the period immediately before and after the child’s birth).

Prevention of HIV:

HIV could be prevented by having safe sexual practices such as using condoms and avoiding multiple sex partners. Sterile needles and syringes should be used. Standard precautions should be used in handling the body secretions of the infected patients. The blood or blood products that are been used for transfusion should have to be tested properly before transfusion.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To describe: The common modes of HIV transmission and the ways in which this infection could be prevented.

Introduction: HIV is a Human immune virus that causes AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in human beings. This virus attacks the immune system of the body, which specifically affects the T cells of the immune system. The T cells are responsible to fight off many infections and diseases.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

HIV could be transmitted through various modes as follows:

Sexual intercourse: It is the primary mode of transmission of HIV. These viruses survive in the semen and vaginal secretions. Hence, it could be easily transmitted from person to person through the semen and cervical and vaginal secretions.

Blood transfusion: The HIV resides in the blood and it could also be transferred from the infected person to the normal person through blood transfusion. It is also transmitted using the HIV contaminated needles and syringes.

Perinatal transmission: HIV could be transmitted from the HIV-infected mother to the baby during the perinatal period (the period immediately before and after the child’s birth).

Prevention of HIV:

HIV could be prevented by having safe sexual practices such as using condoms and avoiding multiple sex partners. Sterile needles and syringes should be used. Standard precautions should be used in handling the body secretions of the infected patients. The blood or blood products that are been used for transfusion should have to be tested properly before transfusion.

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Answer 5

Chapter 12, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To describe: The common modes of HIV transmission and the ways in which this infection could be prevented.

Introduction: HIV is a Human immune virus that causes AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in human beings. This virus attacks the immune system of the body, which specifically affects the T cells of the immune system. The T cells are responsible to fight off many infections and diseases.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

HIV could be transmitted through various modes as follows:

Sexual intercourse: It is the primary mode of transmission of HIV. These viruses survive in the semen and vaginal secretions. Hence, it could be easily transmitted from person to person through the semen and cervical and vaginal secretions.

Blood transfusion: The HIV resides in the blood and it could also be transferred from the infected person to the normal person through blood transfusion. It is also transmitted using the HIV contaminated needles and syringes.

Perinatal transmission: HIV could be transmitted from the HIV-infected mother to the baby during the perinatal period (the period immediately before and after the child’s birth).

Prevention of HIV:

HIV could be prevented by having safe sexual practices such as using condoms and avoiding multiple sex partners. Sterile needles and syringes should be used. Standard precautions should be used in handling the body secretions of the infected patients. The blood or blood products that are been used for transfusion should have to be tested properly before transfusion.

Answer 6

Chapter 12, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To describe: The common modes of HIV transmission and the ways in which this infection could be prevented.

Introduction: HIV is a Human immune virus that causes AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in human beings. This virus attacks the immune system of the body, which specifically affects the T cells of the immune system. The T cells are responsible to fight off many infections and diseases.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

HIV could be transmitted through various modes as follows:

Sexual intercourse: It is the primary mode of transmission of HIV. These viruses survive in the semen and vaginal secretions. Hence, it could be easily transmitted from person to person through the semen and cervical and vaginal secretions.

Blood transfusion: The HIV resides in the blood and it could also be transferred from the infected person to the normal person through blood transfusion. It is also transmitted using the HIV contaminated needles and syringes.

Perinatal transmission: HIV could be transmitted from the HIV-infected mother to the baby during the perinatal period (the period immediately before and after the child’s birth).

Prevention of HIV:

HIV could be prevented by having safe sexual practices such as using condoms and avoiding multiple sex partners. Sterile needles and syringes should be used. Standard precautions should be used in handling the body secretions of the infected patients. The blood or blood products that are been used for transfusion should have to be tested properly before transfusion.

Answer 7

Chapter 12, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To describe: The common modes of HIV transmission and the ways in which this infection could be prevented.

Introduction: HIV is a Human immune virus that causes AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in human beings. This virus attacks the immune system of the body, which specifically affects the T cells of the immune system. The T cells are responsible to fight off many infections and diseases.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

HIV could be transmitted through various modes as follows:

Sexual intercourse: It is the primary mode of transmission of HIV. These viruses survive in the semen and vaginal secretions. Hence, it could be easily transmitted from person to person through the semen and cervical and vaginal secretions.

Blood transfusion: The HIV resides in the blood and it could also be transferred from the infected person to the normal person through blood transfusion. It is also transmitted using the HIV contaminated needles and syringes.

Perinatal transmission: HIV could be transmitted from the HIV-infected mother to the baby during the perinatal period (the period immediately before and after the child’s birth).

Prevention of HIV:

HIV could be prevented by having safe sexual practices such as using condoms and avoiding multiple sex partners. Sterile needles and syringes should be used. Standard precautions should be used in handling the body secretions of the infected patients. The blood or blood products that are been used for transfusion should have to be tested properly before transfusion.

Answer 9

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Answer 10

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Answer 11

Ch. 12 - Prob. 1KQ Ch. 12 - Prob. 2KQ Ch. 12 - Prob. 3KQ Ch. 12 - Prob. 4KQ Ch. 12 - Prob. 5KQ Ch. 12 - Prob. 6KQ Ch. 12 - Prob. 7KQ

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