Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 12, Problem 13TYU
Summary Introduction
To determine: The reason why highly active telomerase activity would affect the ability of cancer cells to sustain growth and cell division.
Introduction: Cancer is characterized by abnormal and uncontrolled development of altered cells. They have the tendency to infiltrate and damage normal body cells and tissues. Cancer is caused due to abnormal cell cycle control system. It undergoes several genetic and epigenetic alterations that cause uncontrolled proliferation of cells.
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Telomerase is not active in most human cells. Some cancer biologists have suggested that activation of the telomerase gene would be a requirement for a cell to become cancerous. Explain why this might be the case.
Telomerase is a very important enzyme for the control of both cancer and aging. In 5 sentences, explain what telomerase is and why it is important in both cancer and aging.
One way that researchers create a cell line that is "immortal" (divides forever in culture) is by introducing DNA that forces the cell to express telomerase. Why do cells that don't express the telomerase protein stop dividing? What specifically goes wrong?
Chapter 12 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 12.1 - Summarize the evidence that accumulated during the...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 12.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 12.1 - Prob. 2CCh. 12.2 - Explain how nucleotide subunits link to form a...Ch. 12.2 - Describe how the two strands of DNA are oriented...Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 5LOCh. 12.2 - Prob. 1CCh. 12.2 - Prob. 2CCh. 12.2 - Prob. 3C
Ch. 12.3 - Cite evidence from Meselson and Stahls experiment...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 7LOCh. 12.3 - Explain the complexities of DNA replication that...Ch. 12.3 - Discuss how enzymes proofread and repair errors in...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 10LOCh. 12.3 - How did the ability to distinguish old and newly...Ch. 12.3 - What feature of DNA structure causes DNA...Ch. 12.3 - What is the reason that eukaryotic cells require...Ch. 12 - When Griffith injected mice with a combination of...Ch. 12 - Which of the following inspired Avery and his...Ch. 12 - In the Hershey-Chase experiment with...Ch. 12 - The two complementary strands of the DNA double...Ch. 12 - If a segment of DNA is 5 CATTAC 3, the...Ch. 12 - Each DNA strand has a backbone that consists of...Ch. 12 - The experiments in which Meselson and Stahl grew...Ch. 12 - The statement DNA replicates by a semiconservative...Ch. 12 - Topoisomerases (a) synthesize DNA (b) synthesize...Ch. 12 - A lagging strand forms by (a) joining primers (b)...Ch. 12 - The immediate source of energy for DNA replication...Ch. 12 - Which of the following statements about eukaryotic...Ch. 12 - Prob. 13TYUCh. 12 - Prob. 14TYUCh. 12 - Prob. 15TYUCh. 12 - INTERPRET DATA In the Hershey-Chase experiment,...Ch. 12 - EVOLUTION LINK How does DNA being the universal...
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- How does DNA replication occur in a precise manner to ensure that identical genetic information is put into the new chromatid? See Figures 8.12 and 8.13. FIGURE 8.12 In DNA replication, the two polynucleotide strands uncoil, and each is a template for synthesizing a new strand. A replicated DNA molecule contains one new strand and one old strand. This mechanism is called semiconservative replication. FIGURE 8.13 A close-up look at the process of DNA replication. (a) As the strands uncoil, bases are added to the newly synthesized strand by complementary base pairing with bases in the template strand. The new bases are linked together by DNA polymerase. (b) DNA synthesis can proceed only in the 5 3 direction; newly synthesized DNA on one template strand is made in short segments and linked together by the enzyme DNA ligase.arrow_forwardResearchers can isolate a sample of cells, such as skin fibroblasts, and grow them in the laboratory. This procedure is called a cell culture. A cell culture can be exposed to a sample of DNA. If the cells are treated with agents that make their membranes permeable to DNA, the cells may take up the DNA and incorporate it into their chromosomes. This process is called transformation or transfection. Scientists have transformed human skin fibroblasts with methylated DNA and then allowed the fibroblasts to divide for several cellular generations. The DNA in the daughter cells was then isolated, and the segment that corresponded to the transformed DNA was examined. This DNA segment in the daughter cells was also found to be methylated. However, if the original skin fibroblasts were transformed with unmethylated DNA, the DNA found in the daughter cells was also unmethylated. With regard to the transformed DNA, do fibroblasts perform de novo methylation, maintenance methylation, or both?…arrow_forwardWhile many commonly used antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis or cell wall formation, clorobiocin, one of several antibiotics in the aminocoumarin class, inhibits the activity of bacterial DNA gyrase. Similar drugs have been tested as treatments for human cancer. How might such drugs be effective against bacteria as well as cancer?arrow_forward
- Cell cultures can be synchronized, or brought into the same phase of the cell cycle, by various means. For example, adding thymidine to a cell culture causes all cells to become arrested early in S phase. What is the mechanism by which thymidine treatment blocks DNA replication?arrow_forwardAny permanent change to the structure of DNA is considered a mutation. A somatic cell mutation affects only the individual organism, while a germline mutation is passed onto the next generation. For example, excessive amount of exposure to UV rays can lead to skin cancer. Although this type of mutation occurs in the somatic cells, every individual has different susceptibility to skin cell mutations upon exposure to UV rays. The susceptibility is located in the germ cell and is heritable. The individuals who choose to overexpose themselves to UV rays increase their likelihood of obtaining undesirable mutations in their somatic cells. Unlike suntanning, there are other activities we engage in that can lead to germline mutations. These activities should be avoided if possible as they lead to heritable mutations and cancer. Using 200 words or less, identify one human activity that can lead to a heritable mutation. Explain how it affects the individual and how it can be passed onto the…arrow_forwardX-rays strike a chromosome in a living cell and ultimately cause the cell to die. Did the X-rays produce a mutation? Explain why or why not.arrow_forward
- The microscope image above shows the human chromosomes from a white blood cell. To create the image, researchers put cells in culture under conditions that encourage the cells to divide. They bathed the cells in a hypotonic (low salt) solution, which caused the cells to swell until their plasma membrane burst open. They "squashed" the chromosomes to spread them out, and stained them with a dye to make them visible under the microscope. Human chromosomes are numbered from longest (1) to shortest (22) plus the sex chromosomes X and Y. In the image chromosome 1 is about 7 micrometers. Answer the following questions. 1) What word(s) in the description above indicates that the chromosomes are not from a cell undergoing meiosis? 2) Based on the size, shape and appearance of the chromosomes in the image, in what cell cycle stage was the cell that the chromosomes came from? How can you tell? 3) Does the image suggest that centromere sequences are always located in the middle of a…arrow_forwardSome bacteria might be able to respond to environmental stress by increasing the rate at which mutations occur during cell division. How might this be accomplished? Do you think there would be an evolutionary advantage of this ability? Explain.arrow_forwardDNA repair is an important mechanism that protects the genetic material from damage. While working in the laboratory, you forget to switch off the UV lamp in the laminar flow. You are worried that this might have caused damage to your DNA. Name and discuss the kind of DNA damage that could result from this accident, as well as how the cell will repair this damage.arrow_forward
- Telomere shorting is related to aging. Telomerase can extend telomeres. Why do we not just figure out how to turn telomerase on in all of our cells so that we can live forever?arrow_forwardAll the cells of one organism share the same genome. However, during development, some cells develop into skin cells while others develop into muscle cells. Briefly explain how the same genetic instructions can result in two different cell types in the same organism.arrow_forwardAll cells must replicate their DNA before each cell division. Why is it that DNA has to be replicated extremely accurately, with very few errors?arrow_forward
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