Chapter 1.14, Problem 33P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An appropriate bond angle for the given species has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

A bond angle is the angle defined by lines joining the centers of two atoms to a third atom to which they are bonded.

Hybridization of carbon, nitrogen or oxygen can be identified by counting the number of $\pi$ bonds,

If the atoms do not form $\pi$ bond, then it is ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridized and the bond angle will be ${109.5}^o$.  When one lone pair is present, bond angle will be ${107.3}^o$. When two lone pair is present, bond angle will be ${104.5}^o$.

If the atoms form one $\pi$ bond, then it is ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridized and the bond angle will be ${120}^o$

If the atoms form two $\pi$ bonds, then it is $\text{sp}$ hybridized and the bond angle will be ${180}^o$ .

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An appropriate bond angle for the given species has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

A bond angle is the angle defined by lines joining the centers of two atoms to a third atom to which they are bonded.

Hybridization of carbon, nitrogen or oxygen can be identified by counting the number of $\pi$ bonds,

If the atoms do not form $\pi$ bond, then it is ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridized and the bond angle will be ${109.5}^o$. When one lone pair is present, bond angle will be ${107.3}^o$. When two lone pair is present, bond angle will be ${104.5}^o$ .

If the atoms form one $\pi$ bond, then it is ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridized and the bond angle will be ${120}^o$

If the atoms form two $\pi$ bonds, then it is $\text{sp}$ hybridized and the bond angle will be ${180}^o$ .

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An appropriate bond angle for the given species has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

A bond angle is the angle defined by lines joining the centers of two atoms to a third atom to which they are bonded.

Hybridization of carbon, nitrogen or oxygen can be identified by counting the number of $\pi$ bonds,

If the atoms do not form $\pi$ bond, then it is ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridized and the bond angle will be ${109.5}^o$. When one lone pair is present, bond angle will be ${107.3}^o$. When two lone pair is present, bond angle will be ${104.5}^o$ .

If the atoms form one $\pi$ bond, then it is ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridized and the bond angle will be ${120}^o$

If the atoms form two $\pi$ bonds, then it is $\text{sp}$ hybridized and the bond angle will be ${180}^o$ .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An appropriate bond angle for the given species has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

A bond angle is the angle defined by lines joining the centers of two atoms to a third atom to which they are bonded.

Hybridization of carbon, nitrogen or oxygen can be identified by counting the number of $\pi$ bonds,

If the atoms do not form $\pi$ bond, then it is ${\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}$ hybridized and the bond angle will be ${109.5}^o$. When one lone pair is present, bond angle will be ${107.3}^o$. When two lone pair is present, bond angle will be ${104.5}^o$.

If the atoms form one $\pi$ bond, then it is ${\text{sp}}^2$ hybridized and the bond angle will be ${120}^o$

If the atoms form two $\pi$ bonds, then it is $\text{sp}$ hybridized and the bond angle will be ${180}^o$ .