Chapter 1, Problem 43P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state electronic configuration for $\text{Ca}$ has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

• Excited state electronic configuration:

The electronic configuration that results when an electron in the ground state have been moved to a higher –energy orbital.

• Ground state electronic configuration:

A description about orbitals in which the electrons of an atom occupies when they are all in their lowest available energy orbital.

Electron configuration: The distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.

Formation of ions:

Atom possesses equal number of protons and electrons and remains electrically neutral. By gaining (accepting electrons) or losing (donating electrons) one or more electrons, converts the neutral atom into a charged particle called IONS.

Cation: The loss of one or more electrons by a neutral atom leaves the atom positively charged called cation.

Anion: The gain of one or more electrons by a neutral atom leaves the neutral atom negatively charged called anion.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state electronic configuration for ${\text{Ca}}^{2+}$ ions has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

• Excited state electronic configuration:

The electronic configuration that results when an electron in the ground state have been moved to a higher –energy orbital.

• Ground state electronic configuration:

A description about orbitals in which the electrons of an atom occupies when they are all in their lowest available energy orbital.

Electron configuration: The distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.

Formation of ions:

Atom possesses equal number of protons and electrons and remains electrically neutral. By gaining (accepting electrons) or losing (donating electrons) one or more electrons, converts the neutral atom into a charged particle called IONS.

Cation: The loss of one or more electrons by a neutral atom leaves the atom positively charged called cation.

Anion: The gain of one or more electrons by a neutral atom leaves the neutral atom negatively charged called anion.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state electronic configuration for $\text{Ar}$ ions should be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

• Excited state electronic configuration:

The electronic configuration that results when an electron in the ground state have been moved to a higher –energy orbital.

• Ground state electronic configuration:

A description about orbitals in which the electrons of an atom occupies when they are all in their lowest available energy orbital.

Electron configuration: The distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.

Formation of ions:

Atom possesses equal number of protons and electrons and remains electrically neutral. By gaining (accepting electrons) or losing (donating electrons) one or more electrons, converts the neutral atom into a charged particle called IONS.

Cation: The loss of one or more electrons by a neutral atom leaves the atom positively charged called cation.

Anion: The gain of one or more electrons by a neutral atom leaves the neutral atom negatively charged called anion.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

• Excited state electronic configuration:

The electronic configuration that results when an electron in the ground state have been moved to a higher –energy orbital.

• Ground state electronic configuration:

A description about orbitals in which the electrons of an atom occupies when they are all in their lowest available energy orbital.

Electron configuration: The distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.

Formation of ions:

Atom possesses equal number of protons and electrons and remains electrically neutral. By gaining (accepting electrons) or losing (donating electrons) one or more electrons, converts the neutral atom into a charged particle called IONS.

Cation: The loss of one or more electrons by a neutral atom leaves the atom positively charged called cation.

Anion: The gain of one or more electrons by a neutral atom leaves the neutral atom negatively charged called anion.