Biology: Science for Life with Physiology (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321922212
Author: Colleen Belk, Virginia Borden Maier
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 11, Problem 3LTB
Summary Introduction
To describe:
The evolution of the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis after the exposure to antibiotics.
Introduction:
TB or Tuberculosis is a condition, in which bacteria infect a part of body. The main cause of the infection is the invasion of the bacterium Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. The bacteria generally infect the lungs and causes its fibrosis.
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Drug-resistant TB can be acquired via sequential mutations in the pathogen’s genome, or via transmission of a resistant pathogen from another person. How can these events be distinguished? Why is it important to know which is more prevalent?
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- Discuss why it is important for us to conduct research at the basic level of physiology in order to better understand what makes Mycobacteria latent or grow during an infection so that we can design new and/or better treatment modalities.arrow_forwardcompare Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Haemophilus influenza similar and different,arrow_forwardDifferent strains of Streptococcus pyogenes have different virulence factors, giving these microbes much versatility. Virulence factors include which of the following? Choose one or more: A.A capsule that, when thick, will help the organism avoid phagocytosis by macrophages B.A cell wall containing lipoteichoic acid, thought to facilitate adherence to pharyngeal epithelial cells C.Enzymes that lyse blood cells (streptolysins) D.The production of several endotoxins called streptococcal pyogenic endotoxins (SPEs)arrow_forward
- Why is transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) through blood components not a significant risk to most recipients? Question 10 options: a) Most recipients are CMV-positive. b) Most recipients are CMV-negative. c) The CMV cannot tolerate cold storage temperatures. d) None of the above.arrow_forwardAlthough Lilly's project was focused on understanding the prevalence of resistance strains of M. tuberculosis in indigenous populations, she also knew that many patients infected with TB do not have an active disease, ie that the bacteria is latent in the infected lungs. M. tuberculosis is transmitted indirectly via air droplets that are inhaled in the large and small airways. In fact, although 30% of individuals exposed to the bacteria will develop an infection, only 5-10% will develop clinical manifestations. This means 20-25% of people exposed to the bacteria will have a latent disease. Although people with latent disease are not infectious and will not transmit the disease to other community members, latent disease is difficult to diagnose. This was really playing on Lilly's mind, thinking about the difficulty of controlling the spread of the bacteria when most infected people were asymptomatic for years and then suddenly developed active disease, which could then spread for weeks…arrow_forwardShow the process of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a diagram.arrow_forward
- Are the bacteria that cause Lyme disease likely to develop antibiotic resistance? Why or why notarrow_forwardThe World Health Organization (WHO, 2017) haslisted six steps individualscan take to prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance. a.One of the recommendations is “Never demand antibiotics if your health worker says you don’t need them.”Explain why when you have a flu, your health care worker would say that you do not need antibiotics. What are the other five recommendations?arrow_forwardCompare Clostridium botulinum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis to how the pathogens may be similar and differentarrow_forward
- How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis gain access through that preferred portal of entry Explain how the Mycobacterium tuberculosis is able to evade innate human host defenses that prevent this from occurring. discuss specific components of your pathogen. (Examples may include capsules, cell wall components, exoenzymes, antigenic variation and penetration of the host cell cytoskeleton.)arrow_forwardMycobacterium tuberculosis recruits phagocytes to the site of infection. Based on this information, which of the three methods shown here does the bacterium likely use to avoid being destroyed?arrow_forwardDescribe three different ways in which exotoxins can be transported from a human pathogenic bacterium into a host cellarrow_forward
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