Biochemistry
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781285429106
Author: Campbell, Mary K., FARRELL, Shawn O.
Publisher: Cengage Learning,
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Question
Chapter 11, Problem 38RE
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The different ways by which the eukaryotic transcription elongation process can be controlled are to be explained.
Concept Information:
Transcription is the process of copying a particular segment of DNA into RNA with the help of the enzyme RNA polymerase. Promoters readily bind with the RNA polymerase enzyme to initiate the process of transcription.
Transcription elongation is the second step in the process of transcription. It includes the continuous addition of bases, one by one, with the help of RNA polymerase. The mRNA length increases simultaneously due to the addition of more and more bases.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
The mitochondrial ATP synthase has 10 copies of the F0 subunit “c”, and the [H ] in the mitochondrial inner membrane space (IMS) is 6.31 x 10-8 M and the [H + ] in the matrix is 3.16 x 10-9 M. Calculate the minimum membrane potential (∆Ψ) necessary to make ATP synthesis thermodynamically favorable. [Assume ∆G' ofphosphate hydrolysis of ATP is - 45 kJ/mol.]
B- Vitamins are converted readily into important metabolic cofactors. Deficiency in any one of them has serious side effects.
a. The disease beriberi results from a vitamin B 1 (Thiamine) deficiency and is characterized by cardiac and neurological symptoms. One key diagnostic for this disease is an increased level of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate in the bloodstream. How does this vitamin deficiency lead to increased serumlevels of these factors?
b. What would you expect the effect on the TCA intermediates for a patient suffering from vitamin B 5 deficiency?
c. What would you expect the effect on the TCA intermediates for a patientsuffering from vitamin B 2 /B 3 deficiency?
Pyruvate is accepted into the TCA cycle by a “feeder” reaction using the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, resulting in acetyl-CoA and CO2. Provide a full mechanism for this reaction utilizing the TPP cofactor. Include the roles of all cofactors.
Chapter 11 Solutions
Biochemistry
Ch. 11 - RECALL What is the difference in the requirement...Ch. 11 - RECALL List three important properties of RNA...Ch. 11 - RECALL What is the subunit composition of E. coli...Ch. 11 - RECALL What is the difference between the core...Ch. 11 - RECALL What are the different terms used to...Ch. 11 - Prob. 6RECh. 11 - RECALL Put the following in linear order: UP...Ch. 11 - RECALL Distinguish between rho-dependent...Ch. 11 - REFLECT AND APPLY Diagram a section of DNA being...Ch. 11 - Prob. 10RE
Ch. 11 - RECALL What is a s factor? Why is it important in...Ch. 11 - RECALL What is the difference between 70 and 32?Ch. 11 - RECALL What is the function of the catabolite...Ch. 11 - RECALL What is transcription attenuation?Ch. 11 - REFLECT AND APPLY What role does an operon play in...Ch. 11 - Prob. 16RECh. 11 - REFLECT AND APPLY Give an example of a system in...Ch. 11 - Prob. 18RECh. 11 - BIOCHEMICAL CONNECTIONS What is an aptamer?Ch. 11 - BIOCHEMICAL CONNECTIONS What is a riboswitch?Ch. 11 - Prob. 21RECh. 11 - Prob. 22RECh. 11 - Prob. 23RECh. 11 - RECALL What are some of the main differences...Ch. 11 - RECALL What are the products of the reactions of...Ch. 11 - Prob. 26RECh. 11 - RECALL List the Pol II general transcription...Ch. 11 - REFLECT AND APPLY What are the functions of TFIIH?Ch. 11 - Prob. 29RECh. 11 - Prob. 30RECh. 11 - Prob. 31RECh. 11 - Prob. 32RECh. 11 - Prob. 33RECh. 11 - Prob. 34RECh. 11 - Prob. 35RECh. 11 - REFLECT AND APPLY Explain the relationship between...Ch. 11 - Prob. 37RECh. 11 - Prob. 38RECh. 11 - Prob. 39RECh. 11 - Prob. 40RECh. 11 - Prob. 41RECh. 11 - Prob. 42RECh. 11 - Prob. 43RECh. 11 - RECALL What are the two main circumstances...Ch. 11 - Prob. 45RECh. 11 - Prob. 46RECh. 11 - Prob. 47RECh. 11 - Prob. 48RECh. 11 - Prob. 49RECh. 11 - Prob. 50RECh. 11 - Prob. 51RECh. 11 - Prob. 52RECh. 11 - Prob. 53RECh. 11 - RECALL What is RNA interference?Ch. 11 - Prob. 55RECh. 11 - Prob. 56RECh. 11 - Prob. 57RECh. 11 - Prob. 58RECh. 11 - Prob. 59RECh. 11 - Prob. 60RECh. 11 - Prob. 61RECh. 11 - Prob. 62RECh. 11 - Prob. 63RECh. 11 - Prob. 64RECh. 11 - RECALL List several ways in which RNA is processed...Ch. 11 - Prob. 66RECh. 11 - REFLECT AND APPLY Why is a trimming process...Ch. 11 - REFLECT AND APPLY List three molecular changes...Ch. 11 - Prob. 69RECh. 11 - Prob. 70RECh. 11 - Prob. 71RECh. 11 - Prob. 72RECh. 11 - Prob. 73RECh. 11 - REFLECT AND APPLY Outline a mechanism by which RNA...Ch. 11 - REFLECT AND APPLY Why are proteins more effective...Ch. 11 - Prob. 76RECh. 11 - Prob. 77RECh. 11 - Prob. 78RECh. 11 - Prob. 79RECh. 11 - Prob. 80RE
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biochemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Map out all of the metabolic pathways in the liver cell. Draw out the structures and names of all compounds neatly by hand and the pathways responsible for metabolizing them. Some examples are: Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, PPP, Glycogenesis/glycogenolysis, Krebs, ETC, selectamino acid pathways (Ala, Glu, Asp) Lipogenesis/lipolysis. Citrate/MAS/glycerol phosphate shuttlesystems, and the Cori/Glc-Ala cycles. Rules:-Draw both a mitochondrial area of metabolism and a cytoplasmic area of metabolism.-Draw the liver and its roles in glucose recycling (Cori cycle/Glc-Alanine recycling)-Avoid drawing the same molecule twice (except for separate mitochondrial/cytoplasmic populations. i.e. Design the PPP/Glycolysis so that GAP is only drawn once)-Label Carbon 4 of glucose and highlight where you would expect to find it in EVERY compound in whichit is present.-Have one or two locations for NADH/NADPH/ATP/GTP/CoQH2 – many arrows will come to/from thesespots.arrow_forwarda. Draw the Krebs Cycle and show the entry points for the amino acids Alanine,Glutamic Acid, Asparagine, and Valine into the Krebs Cycle. (Include name of Enzymes involved) b. How many rounds of Krebs will be required to waste all Carbons of Glutamic Acid as CO2? (Show by drawing out the mechanism that occurs)arrow_forwardThe malate-aspartate shuttle allows malate to be exchanged for aspartate acrossthe inner mitochondrial membrane. (a) Describe the role of the malate-aspartate shuttle in liver cells under HIGHblood glucose conditions. Be sure to explain your answer. (b) Describe the role of the malate-aspartate shuttle in liver cells under LOW blood + glucose conditions.arrow_forward
- (a) Write out the net reaction, calculate ∆E ̊' for the reaction, and calculate the standard free-energy change (∆G°') for the overall oxidation/reduction reaction. (h) How many moles of ATP could theoretically be generated per mole of FADH2 oxidized by this reaction, given a ∆G ̊' of ATP synthesis of + 31 kJ/mol? How many moles of ATP could be generated per mole of FADH2 oxidized by this reaction under more typical cellular conditions (where ∆G' of ATP hydrolysis is ~ -50 kJ/mol)? Be sure to show your work and explain your answer.arrow_forwardIndicate for the reactions below which type of enzyme and cofactor(s) (if any) would be required to catalyze each reaction shown. 1) Fru-6-P + Ery-4-P <--> GAP + Sed-7-P2) Fru-6-P + Pi <--> Fru-1,6-BP + H2O3) GTP + ADP <--> GDP + ATP4) Sed-7-P + GAP <--> Rib-5-P + Xyl-5-P5) Oxaloacetate + GTP ---> PEP + GDP + CO26) DHAP + Ery-4-P <--> Sed-1,7-BP + H2O7) Pyruvate + ATP + HCO3- ---> Oxaloacetate + ADP + Piarrow_forwardThe phosphate translocase is an inner mitochondrial membrane symporter that transports H2PO4- and H+ into the mitochondrial matrix. Phosphate is a substrate for Complex V (the ATP Synthase), the enzyme that couples the synthesis of ATP to the H+ gradient formed by the electron transport chain. (a) Bongotoxin is a hypothetical compound that inhibits the phosphate translocase of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Explain why electron transport from NADH to O2 stops when bongotoxin is added to mitochondria (i.e., why do electrons stop flowing through the electron transport chain even with an abundance of NADH and O 2 present). What effect will the addition of the weak acid dinitrophenol (DNP) to the cytosol have on electron transport in bongotoxin-inhibited mitochondria? Be sure to explain your answers. (b) How much free energy is released (in kJ) when one mole of protons flows from the mitochondrial inner membrane space (IMS) to the mitochondrial matrix when the [H+ ] in the IMS is 7.9 x…arrow_forward
- When TMPD/ascorbate is added to mitochondria as a source of electrons (TMPD/ascorbate reduce cytochrome c directly) oxygen is reduced to H2O by the electron transport chain (ETC).(a) Approximately how many ATPs would result per O2 consumed when electrons come from TMPD/ascorbate? (b) If dinitrophenol (DNP) is added to the mitochondria in (a) above, what effect would DNP have on the yield of ATPs per O2 reduced from TMPD/ascorbate electrons?arrow_forwardSodium fluoroacetate (FCH2CO2Na) is a very toxic molecule that is used as rodent poison. It is converted enzymatically to fluoroacetyl-CoA and is utilized by citrate synthase to generate (2R,3S)-fluorocitrate. The release of this product is a potent inhibitor of the next enzyme in the TCA cycle. Show the mechanism for the production of fluorocitrate and explain how the molecule acts as a competitive inhibitor. Predict the effect on the concentrations of TCA intermediates.arrow_forwardIn three separate experiments, pyruvate labeled with 13C at C-1, C-2, or C-3 is introduced to cells undergoing active metabolism. Trace the fate of each carbon through the TCA cycle and show when each of these carbons produces 13CO2. Glucose is similarly labeled at C-2 with 13C. During which reaction will this labeled carbon be released as 13CO2?arrow_forward
- Please draw this out and show how they react with electron flow! TPP is also utilized in transketolase reactions in the PPP. Give a mechanism for the TPP-dependent reaction between Xylulose-5-phosphate and Ribose-5-Phosphate to yield the products of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and Sedoheptulose-7-Phosphate.arrow_forward5) 4-Quinolone, compound A, is the core structure for many broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs.Compound A tautomerizes to make 4-hydroxyquinoline, compound B.arrow_forwardJOB UPDATE Apply on- COMPANY Vinkjobs.com @ OR Search "VinkJobs.com" on Google JOB PROFILE JOB LOCATION ACCENTURE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT MULTIPLE CITIES HITACHI FULL STACK DEV BENGALURU PAYU BUSINESS ANALYST MULTIPLE CITIES MEESHO DATA SCIENTIST BENGALURU ORACLE SOFTWARE ENGINEER BENGALURU LUMEL FRONT END DEVELOPER CHENNAI MPHASIS INKLE TECH SUPPORT ENGINEER BENGALURU CUSTOMER SUPPORT BENGALURU MAKE MY TRIP KEY ACCOUNT MANAGER AMAZON DATA ASSOCIATE DELHI NCR BENGALURUarrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305961135Author:Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougalPublisher:Cengage Learning
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
ISBN:9781305961135
Author:Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougal
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Biomolecules - Protein - Amino acids; Author: Tutorials Point (India) Ltd.;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySNVPDHJ0ek;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY