BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780135276822
Author: Freeman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 11, Problem 1TYK
What is a fiber composite? How do cellular fiber composites resemble reinforced concrete?
Expert Solution & Answer
Summary Introduction
To review:
The term “Fiber composites” and resemblance of cellular fiber composites with reinforced concrete.
Introduction:
A fiber composite is made up of cross-linked filaments that can withstand compression and tension. A steel rod in reinforced concrete resembles the fibers of plants (cellulose) and animals (collagen) functionally. This property is provided by the proteoglycans and gelatinous polysaccharides in animals and plants, respectively.
Explanation of Solution
Apart from the cell membrane, the plant and animal cells are also surrounded by another layer (cell wall in plants) that provides strength and shape to the cell. This layer is made up of cross-linked filaments, fiber composites, embedded in a ground material. This layer performs an almost similar function in all the organisms, irrespective of the substance or material.
These structures resemble reinforced concrete. Like the rods in concrete, these structures can withstand stretching and tension force. The ground substance in which the fiber composites are embedded is capable of facing compression forces.
This property of these fibers provides strength and protection to the cell. In the plants, majority of the cell wall is made up of carbohydrates. On the other hand, proteins make up the major portion of the fiber composites in animals, which is known as extracellular matrix (ECM).
Conclusion
The fiber composite provides strength and rigidity to the cell by providing the ability to withstand tension.
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Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics:Two-Compartment Model Instant Absorption Questions
SHOW ALL WORK, including equation used, variables used and each step to your solution, report your regression lines and axes names (with units if appropriate) :Calculate a-q
a) B1,
b) B2,
c) hybrid rate constant (1)
d) hybrid rate constant (2)
e) t1/2,dist
f) t1/2,elim
g) k10
h) k12
i) k21
j) initial concentration (C0)
k) central compartment volume (V1)
l) steady-state volume (Vss)
m) clearance (CL) AUC (0→10 min) using trapezoidal rule
n) AUC (20→30 min) using trapezoidal rule
o) AUCtail (AUC360→∞)
p) total AUC (using short cut method)
q) volume from AUC (VAUC)
Glitazones reduce insulin resistance by binding to a transcription factor in adipocytes, thereby reducing thesecretion of fatty acids. Glitazones are taken orally (in pill form). Using pharmacokinetic modeling, deriveequations to describe how the concentration of glitazones varies in the plasma as a function of time. Yourequations should be of the form: dCglitazone /dt = something, or dMglitazone /dt = something. Your model shouldinclude three compartments: the gut, the plasma, and the fatty tissues. Make sure to include a diagram thatillustrates your thinking, state all assumptions, and define your variables. Do not solve the equations.
Case Study—Ella
Review the case study and then answer Parts A through F.
Ella has a family history of diabetes. She wants to follow a healthful eating pattern that can lower her risk for developing this condition. Her dietitian recommends a goal of 450 to 600 kcal per meal and advises Ella to follow the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020, which recommend limiting added sugar. She also recommends that Ella choose whole grains rather than processed grains. Ella decides to pack a lunch to take to work every day. This morning she’s making a sandwich for her lunch.
Categories of Sandwich Options (Top of the screen)
Breads
Spreads
Cheeses
Vegetables
Proteins
Specific food items to select
White Bread 6-inches
Honey Mustard
Provolone
LettuceTomatoBell Peppers
Turkey
Part A - Reading Nutrition Facts Panels for Total Kilocalories
How many total kilocalories are in Ella’s sandwich?
_____…
Chapter 11 Solutions
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