(a) To Determine: If the given statement is true or false should be determined. Introduction: Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen. The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The given statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Option (a) is given as secondary immune responses take the same amount of time as primary immune responses to become effective. Secondary immune responses are faster and stronger than primary ones due to the memory it holds of the previous encounter of the infection. Hence, this option is false.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Option (b) is given as on the secondary exposure to an infectious agent there is reduced mortality. The secondary exposure to the infectious agent is combatted by the secondary immune response which is stronger and more effective than the first encounter event. Hence mortality is reduced. So, this option is true.

Summary Introduction

(c)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Option (c) is given as only immune responses made in mucosal secondary lymphoid tissues can provide protective immunity. Antibodies are produced by both bone marrow cells and lymphoid tissues underneath the mucosal surfaces that bring about the protective immunity. Hence this option is false.

Summary Introduction

(d)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Option (d) is given as if an individual acquires a second cold in the same seaSo,n it will be most probably caused by a different type of cold virus. Since there exists memory against pathogens once attacking the immune system, there is negligible chance that in one seaSo,n a perSo,n can be affected twice by the same bug. Secondary immune response eliminates this possibility. Hence this option is true.

Summary Introduction

(e)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Option (e) is given as plasma cells generated in the secondary immune response have longer life spans than those made during the primary immune response. Plasma cells generated in the primary immune response have a shorter life as they are rapidly killed by apoptosis or lack of contact with stromal cells which causes inhibitory survival responses in them. Hence this option is true.

Summary Introduction

(f)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Option (f) is given as during primary immune response, only memory B-cells are generated. During primary immune response both effector and memory B cells are generated along with effector and memory T-cells. Hence this option is false.

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✓ Details Draw a protein that is embedded in a membrane (a transmembrane protein), label the lipid bilayer and the protein. Identify the areas of the lipid bilayer that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic. Draw a membrane with two transporters: a proton pump transporter that uses ATP to generate a proton gradient, and a second transporter that moves glucose by secondary active transport (cartoon-like is ok). It will be important to show protons moving in the correct direction, and that the transporter that is powered by secondary active transport is logically related to the proton pump.

drawing chemical structure of ATP. please draw in and label whats asked. Thank you.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The given statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Option (a) is given as secondary immune responses take the same amount of time as primary immune responses to become effective. Secondary immune responses are faster and stronger than primary ones due to the memory it holds of the previous encounter of the infection. Hence, this option is false.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Option (b) is given as on the secondary exposure to an infectious agent there is reduced mortality. The secondary exposure to the infectious agent is combatted by the secondary immune response which is stronger and more effective than the first encounter event. Hence mortality is reduced. So, this option is true.

Summary Introduction

(c)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Option (c) is given as only immune responses made in mucosal secondary lymphoid tissues can provide protective immunity. Antibodies are produced by both bone marrow cells and lymphoid tissues underneath the mucosal surfaces that bring about the protective immunity. Hence this option is false.

Summary Introduction

(d)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Option (d) is given as if an individual acquires a second cold in the same seaSo,n it will be most probably caused by a different type of cold virus. Since there exists memory against pathogens once attacking the immune system, there is negligible chance that in one seaSo,n a perSo,n can be affected twice by the same bug. Secondary immune response eliminates this possibility. Hence this option is true.

Summary Introduction

(e)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Option (e) is given as plasma cells generated in the secondary immune response have longer life spans than those made during the primary immune response. Plasma cells generated in the primary immune response have a shorter life as they are rapidly killed by apoptosis or lack of contact with stromal cells which causes inhibitory survival responses in them. Hence this option is true.

Summary Introduction

(f)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Option (f) is given as during primary immune response, only memory B-cells are generated. During primary immune response both effector and memory B cells are generated along with effector and memory T-cells. Hence this option is false.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The given statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Option (a) is given as secondary immune responses take the same amount of time as primary immune responses to become effective. Secondary immune responses are faster and stronger than primary ones due to the memory it holds of the previous encounter of the infection. Hence, this option is false.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Option (b) is given as on the secondary exposure to an infectious agent there is reduced mortality. The secondary exposure to the infectious agent is combatted by the secondary immune response which is stronger and more effective than the first encounter event. Hence mortality is reduced. So, this option is true.

Summary Introduction

(c)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Option (c) is given as only immune responses made in mucosal secondary lymphoid tissues can provide protective immunity. Antibodies are produced by both bone marrow cells and lymphoid tissues underneath the mucosal surfaces that bring about the protective immunity. Hence this option is false.

Summary Introduction

(d)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Option (d) is given as if an individual acquires a second cold in the same seaSo,n it will be most probably caused by a different type of cold virus. Since there exists memory against pathogens once attacking the immune system, there is negligible chance that in one seaSo,n a perSo,n can be affected twice by the same bug. Secondary immune response eliminates this possibility. Hence this option is true.

Summary Introduction

(e)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Option (e) is given as plasma cells generated in the secondary immune response have longer life spans than those made during the primary immune response. Plasma cells generated in the primary immune response have a shorter life as they are rapidly killed by apoptosis or lack of contact with stromal cells which causes inhibitory survival responses in them. Hence this option is true.

Summary Introduction

(f)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Option (f) is given as during primary immune response, only memory B-cells are generated. During primary immune response both effector and memory B cells are generated along with effector and memory T-cells. Hence this option is false.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The given statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Option (a) is given as secondary immune responses take the same amount of time as primary immune responses to become effective. Secondary immune responses are faster and stronger than primary ones due to the memory it holds of the previous encounter of the infection. Hence, this option is false.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Option (b) is given as on the secondary exposure to an infectious agent there is reduced mortality. The secondary exposure to the infectious agent is combatted by the secondary immune response which is stronger and more effective than the first encounter event. Hence mortality is reduced. So, this option is true.

Summary Introduction

(c)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Option (c) is given as only immune responses made in mucosal secondary lymphoid tissues can provide protective immunity. Antibodies are produced by both bone marrow cells and lymphoid tissues underneath the mucosal surfaces that bring about the protective immunity. Hence this option is false.

Summary Introduction

(d)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Option (d) is given as if an individual acquires a second cold in the same seaSo,n it will be most probably caused by a different type of cold virus. Since there exists memory against pathogens once attacking the immune system, there is negligible chance that in one seaSo,n a perSo,n can be affected twice by the same bug. Secondary immune response eliminates this possibility. Hence this option is true.

Summary Introduction

(e)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Option (e) is given as plasma cells generated in the secondary immune response have longer life spans than those made during the primary immune response. Plasma cells generated in the primary immune response have a shorter life as they are rapidly killed by apoptosis or lack of contact with stromal cells which causes inhibitory survival responses in them. Hence this option is true.

Summary Introduction

(f)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Option (f) is given as during primary immune response, only memory B-cells are generated. During primary immune response both effector and memory B cells are generated along with effector and memory T-cells. Hence this option is false.

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Answer 5

Chapter 11, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The given statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Option (a) is given as secondary immune responses take the same amount of time as primary immune responses to become effective. Secondary immune responses are faster and stronger than primary ones due to the memory it holds of the previous encounter of the infection. Hence, this option is false.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Option (b) is given as on the secondary exposure to an infectious agent there is reduced mortality. The secondary exposure to the infectious agent is combatted by the secondary immune response which is stronger and more effective than the first encounter event. Hence mortality is reduced. So, this option is true.

Summary Introduction

(c)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Option (c) is given as only immune responses made in mucosal secondary lymphoid tissues can provide protective immunity. Antibodies are produced by both bone marrow cells and lymphoid tissues underneath the mucosal surfaces that bring about the protective immunity. Hence this option is false.

Summary Introduction

(d)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Option (d) is given as if an individual acquires a second cold in the same seaSo,n it will be most probably caused by a different type of cold virus. Since there exists memory against pathogens once attacking the immune system, there is negligible chance that in one seaSo,n a perSo,n can be affected twice by the same bug. Secondary immune response eliminates this possibility. Hence this option is true.

Summary Introduction

(e)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Option (e) is given as plasma cells generated in the secondary immune response have longer life spans than those made during the primary immune response. Plasma cells generated in the primary immune response have a shorter life as they are rapidly killed by apoptosis or lack of contact with stromal cells which causes inhibitory survival responses in them. Hence this option is true.

Summary Introduction

(f)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Option (f) is given as during primary immune response, only memory B-cells are generated. During primary immune response both effector and memory B cells are generated along with effector and memory T-cells. Hence this option is false.

Answer 6

Chapter 11, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The given statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Option (a) is given as secondary immune responses take the same amount of time as primary immune responses to become effective. Secondary immune responses are faster and stronger than primary ones due to the memory it holds of the previous encounter of the infection. Hence, this option is false.

Answer 7

Chapter 11, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The given statement is false.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

Option (a) is given as secondary immune responses take the same amount of time as primary immune responses to become effective. Secondary immune responses are faster and stronger than primary ones due to the memory it holds of the previous encounter of the infection. Hence, this option is false.

Answer 13

Summary Introduction

(b)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Option (b) is given as on the secondary exposure to an infectious agent there is reduced mortality. The secondary exposure to the infectious agent is combatted by the secondary immune response which is stronger and more effective than the first encounter event. Hence mortality is reduced. So, this option is true.

Answer 14

Summary Introduction

(b)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Answer 15

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Answer 16

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Explanation of Solution

Option (b) is given as on the secondary exposure to an infectious agent there is reduced mortality. The secondary exposure to the infectious agent is combatted by the secondary immune response which is stronger and more effective than the first encounter event. Hence mortality is reduced. So, this option is true.

Answer 20

Summary Introduction

(c)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Option (c) is given as only immune responses made in mucosal secondary lymphoid tissues can provide protective immunity. Antibodies are produced by both bone marrow cells and lymphoid tissues underneath the mucosal surfaces that bring about the protective immunity. Hence this option is false.

Answer 21

Summary Introduction

(c)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Answer 22

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is false.

Answer 23

Expert Solution

Answer 24

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Explanation of Solution

Option (c) is given as only immune responses made in mucosal secondary lymphoid tissues can provide protective immunity. Antibodies are produced by both bone marrow cells and lymphoid tissues underneath the mucosal surfaces that bring about the protective immunity. Hence this option is false.

Answer 27

Summary Introduction

(d)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Option (d) is given as if an individual acquires a second cold in the same seaSo,n it will be most probably caused by a different type of cold virus. Since there exists memory against pathogens once attacking the immune system, there is negligible chance that in one seaSo,n a perSo,n can be affected twice by the same bug. Secondary immune response eliminates this possibility. Hence this option is true.

Answer 28

Summary Introduction

(d)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Answer 29

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Answer 30

Expert Solution

Answer 31

Expert Solution

Answer 32

Expert Solution

Answer 33

Explanation of Solution

Option (d) is given as if an individual acquires a second cold in the same seaSo,n it will be most probably caused by a different type of cold virus. Since there exists memory against pathogens once attacking the immune system, there is negligible chance that in one seaSo,n a perSo,n can be affected twice by the same bug. Secondary immune response eliminates this possibility. Hence this option is true.

Answer 34

Summary Introduction

(e)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Option (e) is given as plasma cells generated in the secondary immune response have longer life spans than those made during the primary immune response. Plasma cells generated in the primary immune response have a shorter life as they are rapidly killed by apoptosis or lack of contact with stromal cells which causes inhibitory survival responses in them. Hence this option is true.

Answer 35

Summary Introduction

(e)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Answer 36

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is true.

Answer 37

Expert Solution

Answer 38

Expert Solution

Answer 39

Expert Solution

Answer 40

Explanation of Solution

Option (e) is given as plasma cells generated in the secondary immune response have longer life spans than those made during the primary immune response. Plasma cells generated in the primary immune response have a shorter life as they are rapidly killed by apoptosis or lack of contact with stromal cells which causes inhibitory survival responses in them. Hence this option is true.

Answer 41

Summary Introduction

(f)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

Option (f) is given as during primary immune response, only memory B-cells are generated. During primary immune response both effector and memory B cells are generated along with effector and memory T-cells. Hence this option is false.

Answer 42

Summary Introduction

(f)

To Determine:

If the given statement is true or false should be determined.

Introduction:

Primary immune response refers to the series of immunological events that are triggered by the first exposure to a pathogen.

The secondary immune response is referred to as the quick fight-back of the immune system to a previously exposed pathogen from the memory it holds from the first exposure.

Answer 43

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 1Q

The statement is false.

Answer 44

Expert Solution

Answer 45

Expert Solution

Answer 46

Expert Solution

Answer 47

Explanation of Solution

Option (f) is given as during primary immune response, only memory B-cells are generated. During primary immune response both effector and memory B cells are generated along with effector and memory T-cells. Hence this option is false.