Chapter 11, Problem 1P

Choose the phrase from the right column that best fits the term in the left column.

a. DNA polymorphism	DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences
b. phase	two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals
c. informative cross	arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid
d. ASO	location on a chromosome
e. SNP	a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms
f. DNA fingerprinting	a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus
g. SSR	detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci
h. locus	allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant
i. compound heterozygote	all exons in a genome
j. exome	individuals with two different mutations in the same gene

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “DNA polymorphism” among the options given below:

1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences

2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals

3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid

4. location on a chromosome

5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms

6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus

7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci

8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant

9. all exons in a genome

10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene

Introduction:

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is packaged in a chromosome as two spiraling strands. These two strands twist together to form a double helix structure.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

DNA polymorphism: A DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms

Explanation of Solution

DNA polymorphism refers to a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more alleles at a locus.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “phase” among the options given below:

1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences

2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals

3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid

4. location on a chromosome

5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms

6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus

7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci

8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant

9. all exons in a genome

10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene

Introduction:

The term phase is also described as linkage phase. The occurrence of two dissimilar genes on same chromosome is defined as linkage.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Phase: Arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid

Explanation of Solution

The arrangement of the alleles of linked genes on two parental chromosomes referred to as the linkage phase.

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “informative cross” among the options given below:

1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences

2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals

3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid

4. location on a chromosome

5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms

6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus

7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci

8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant

9. all exons in a genome

10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene

Introduction:

The forms of genetic crossese are informative cross, testcross, backcross, monohybrid cross, and dihybrid cross.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Informative cross: Allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant

Explanation of Solution

The genetic crosses that allow the identification of recombinant and nonrecombinant gametes are known as informative crosses.

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “ASO” among the options given below:

1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences

2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals

3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid

4. location on a chromosome

5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms

6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus

7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci

8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant

9. all exons in a genome

10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene

Introduction:

The full form of ASO is allele-specific oligonucleotide. Short deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid polymers are defined as oligonucleotide.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

ASO: A short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chosen SNP locus

Explanation of Solution

ASO refers to short 20 to 40 base long oligonucleotides that will hybridize under specific conditions to only one of the two alleles at SNP locus.

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “SNP” among the options given below:

1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences

2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals

3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid

4. location on a chromosome

5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms

6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus

7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci

8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant

9. all exons in a genome

10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene

Introduction:

SNP is referred to as single nucleotide polymorphism. The differnce in the sequence of nucleotide between the living beings is described as polymorphism.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

SNP: Two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals

Explanation of Solution

SNP refers to a single nucleotide locus with two naturally existing alleles described by single base pair substitution.

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “DNA fingerprinting” among the options given below:

1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences

2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals

3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid

4. location on a chromosome

5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms

6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus

7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci

8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant

9. all exons in a genome

10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene

Introduction:

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting refers to a technique that is generally utilized for forensic purposes.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

DNA fingerprinting: Detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci

Explanation of Solution

In DNA fingerprinting, genotyping of multiple polymorphic loci provides information to identify people from their DNA.

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “SSR” among the options given below:

1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences

2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals

3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid

4. location on a chromosome

5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms

6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus

7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci

8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant

9. all exons in a genome

10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene

Introduction:

The full form of SSR is simple sequence repeats, and these repeats are also known as microsatellites.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

SSR: DNA element composed of short tandemly repeated sequences:

Explanation of Solution

The loci of SSR consist of sequences of few bases that are repeated in tandem less than ten to more than hundred times.

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “locus” among the options given below:

1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences

2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals

3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid

4. location on a chromosome

5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms

6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus

7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci

8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant

9. all exons in a genome

10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene

Introduction:

Locus term is sometimes also defined as a gene. The term gene refers to the primary unit of heredity.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Locus: Location on a chromosome

Explanation of Solution

Locus refers to a designated location on a chromosome. Inside the nucleus, the molecule of DNA is packaged into a specific structure known as chromosome.

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “compound heterozygote” among the options given below:

1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences

2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals

3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid

4. location on a chromosome

5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms

6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus

7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci

8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant

9. all exons in a genome

10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene

Introduction:

The individual containing two types of alleles for a particular gene is described as the heterozygote.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Compound heterozygote: Individual with two different mutations in the same gene

Explanation of Solution

Compound heterozygote refers to an individual that contain two different mutant alleles of the same gene.

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “exome” among the options given below:

1. DNA elements composed of short tandemly repeated sequences

2. two different nucleotides appear at the same position in genomic DNA from different individuals

3. arrangement of alleles of two linked genes in a diploid

4. location on a chromosome

5. a DNA sequence that occurs in two or more variant forms

6. a short oligonucleotide that will hybridize to only one allele at a chose SNP locus

7. detection of genotype at a number of unlinked highly polymorphic loci

8. allows identification of a gamete as recombinant or nonrecombinant

9. all exons in a genome

10. individuals with two different mutations in the same gene

Introduction:

The term exome refer to coding parts of the genes. Genes are the primary functional and physical unit of heredity.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Exome: All exons in a genome

Explanation of Solution

Exome refers to the collection of all exons of all the genes and constitutes less than two percent of whole-genome DNA.