Chapter 11, Problem 14PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure for products A, B, C, and D with stereochemistry are to be written.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired electrons, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

Alcohols on reaction with potassium metal, produce hydrogen gas and alkoxides. Ether is formed when alkoxide and alkyl halide react with each other.

Alcohols form tosylates on reaction of tosyl chloride in presence of pyridine. Alcohols in presence of potassium carbonate, produce alkoxide. Alkoxides on ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction with tosylates yield ethers.

Nucleophilic substitution reaction is a reaction in which an electron rich nucleophile attacks the positive or partial positive charge of an atom or a group of atoms to replace a leaving group.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction is the nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the two components are involved in the rate determining step.

The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$mechanism of substitution reaction occurs in secondary alkyl halides with an inversion of configuration.

The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$reaction takes place in one step. The nucleophile attacks the alkyl halide from the side opposite to the leaving group, resulting in an inversion of configuration.

An ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}1$ reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which only one component is involved in the rate-determining step.

The nucleophilic substitutions in which a nucleophile replaces a leaving group are known as ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}1$ reactions.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}1$ reactions are unimolecular as the rate of reaction is dependent on the concentration of a single reactant.

The stability of carbocation: ${\text{3}}^{\text{o}}\text{carbocation}\text{>}{\text{2}}^{\text{o}}\text{carbocation}{\text{>1}}^{\text{o}}\text{carbocation}\text{>methyl}\text{carbocation}$

The molecules that are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.

A pair of two mirror images that are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active.

The objects or molecules that are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry.

The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds, but they are optically inactive.

The stereoisomers that are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.

Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light