Chapter 11, Problem 11.45P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The bond orders of the given molecules and the ions are to be compared with the help of molecular orbital theory.

Concept introduction:

A molecular orbital diagram is a tool that is used to describe the chemical bonding formed between different molecules. It is used to predict the bond strength and the electronic transitions that a molecule can undergo.

The formula to calculate the bond order of any species is as follows:

  $\text{Bond}\text{order}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{number}\text{of}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{bonding}\text{orbitals}-\\ \text{number}\text{of}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{antibonding}\text{orbitals}\end{array}\right)$        (1)

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the magnetic behavior of all the species change or not when ions are formed is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

When a neutral atom gains electrons, it acquires a negative charge on it due to the presence of excess electrons as compared to the protons. This results in the formation of the anion. When a neutral atom loses electrons, it acquires a positive charge on it due to the presence of excess protons as compared to the electrons. This results in the formation of the cation.

Paramagnetism is the property of materials due to which they are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field. It arises due to the presence of unpaired electrons in the atoms so the atoms with incompletely filled atomic orbitals are paramagnetic. The unpaired electrons have magnetic dipole moment and therefore act like tiny magnets.

Diamagnetism is the property of materials due to which they are slightly repelled by an externally applied magnetic field. It occurs due to the presence of paired electrons so the atoms with all the filled orbitals are diamagnetic.