The hybridization of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen atoms in epinephrine is to be determined. Concept introduction: Hybridization is the process of intermixing of atomic orbital of slightly different energies to form hybrid orbitals that have similar energy. These orbital have lower energy and more stability than the atomic orbital. Hybridization of the atom can be determined from the number of electron groups around that atom in the Lewis structure of the molecule. Single bond, double bond, triple bond and lone pair all are considered as single electron group.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.40P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen atoms in epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of intermixing of atomic orbital of slightly different energies to form hybrid orbitals that have similar energy. These orbital have lower energy and more stability than the atomic orbital.

Hybridization of the atom can be determined from the number of electron groups around that atom in the Lewis structure of the molecule. Single bond, double bond, triple bond and lone pair all are considered as single electron group.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of sigma bonds in epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The sigma bond is the covalent bond that is formed by the axial overlap of orbitals. It can be bonding or anti-bonding interaction. Bonding interaction takes place when there is an overlap of orbitals in the same phase and antibonding interaction occurs when the orbital overlap in opposite phase. It is a very strong bond.

Sigma bond is formed by the end to end overlapping of atomic or hybrid orbitals. All single bonds are sigma bonds. One double bond is made up of one sigma bond and one pi bond. One triple bond is made up of one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of pi electrons that are delocalized in the ring of epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The pi bond is formed by the lateral overlap of orbitals. The electrons involved in pi bond formation are the pi electrons. The delocalized electrons are the electrons that are not restricted in any region between the two carbon atoms but spread over all the surrounding carbon atoms. It increases the stability of the molecule through resonance.

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6. Consider the following exothermic reaction below. 2Cu2+(aq) +41 (aq)2Cul(s) + 12(aq) a. If Cul is added, there will be a shift left/shift right/no shift (circle one). b. If Cu2+ is added, there will be a shift left/shift right/no shift (circle one). c. If a solution of AgNO3 is added, there will be a shift left/shift right/no shift (circle one). d. If the solvent hexane (C6H14) is added, there will be a shift left/shift right/no shift (circle one). Hint: one of the reaction species is more soluble in hexane than in water. e. If the reaction is cooled, there will be a shift left/shift right/no shift (circle one). f. Which of the changes above will change the equilibrium constant, K?

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.40P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen atoms in epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of intermixing of atomic orbital of slightly different energies to form hybrid orbitals that have similar energy. These orbital have lower energy and more stability than the atomic orbital.

Hybridization of the atom can be determined from the number of electron groups around that atom in the Lewis structure of the molecule. Single bond, double bond, triple bond and lone pair all are considered as single electron group.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of sigma bonds in epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The sigma bond is the covalent bond that is formed by the axial overlap of orbitals. It can be bonding or anti-bonding interaction. Bonding interaction takes place when there is an overlap of orbitals in the same phase and antibonding interaction occurs when the orbital overlap in opposite phase. It is a very strong bond.

Sigma bond is formed by the end to end overlapping of atomic or hybrid orbitals. All single bonds are sigma bonds. One double bond is made up of one sigma bond and one pi bond. One triple bond is made up of one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of pi electrons that are delocalized in the ring of epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The pi bond is formed by the lateral overlap of orbitals. The electrons involved in pi bond formation are the pi electrons. The delocalized electrons are the electrons that are not restricted in any region between the two carbon atoms but spread over all the surrounding carbon atoms. It increases the stability of the molecule through resonance.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.40P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen atoms in epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of intermixing of atomic orbital of slightly different energies to form hybrid orbitals that have similar energy. These orbital have lower energy and more stability than the atomic orbital.

Hybridization of the atom can be determined from the number of electron groups around that atom in the Lewis structure of the molecule. Single bond, double bond, triple bond and lone pair all are considered as single electron group.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of sigma bonds in epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The sigma bond is the covalent bond that is formed by the axial overlap of orbitals. It can be bonding or anti-bonding interaction. Bonding interaction takes place when there is an overlap of orbitals in the same phase and antibonding interaction occurs when the orbital overlap in opposite phase. It is a very strong bond.

Sigma bond is formed by the end to end overlapping of atomic or hybrid orbitals. All single bonds are sigma bonds. One double bond is made up of one sigma bond and one pi bond. One triple bond is made up of one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of pi electrons that are delocalized in the ring of epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The pi bond is formed by the lateral overlap of orbitals. The electrons involved in pi bond formation are the pi electrons. The delocalized electrons are the electrons that are not restricted in any region between the two carbon atoms but spread over all the surrounding carbon atoms. It increases the stability of the molecule through resonance.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.40P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen atoms in epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of intermixing of atomic orbital of slightly different energies to form hybrid orbitals that have similar energy. These orbital have lower energy and more stability than the atomic orbital.

Hybridization of the atom can be determined from the number of electron groups around that atom in the Lewis structure of the molecule. Single bond, double bond, triple bond and lone pair all are considered as single electron group.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of sigma bonds in epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The sigma bond is the covalent bond that is formed by the axial overlap of orbitals. It can be bonding or anti-bonding interaction. Bonding interaction takes place when there is an overlap of orbitals in the same phase and antibonding interaction occurs when the orbital overlap in opposite phase. It is a very strong bond.

Sigma bond is formed by the end to end overlapping of atomic or hybrid orbitals. All single bonds are sigma bonds. One double bond is made up of one sigma bond and one pi bond. One triple bond is made up of one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of pi electrons that are delocalized in the ring of epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The pi bond is formed by the lateral overlap of orbitals. The electrons involved in pi bond formation are the pi electrons. The delocalized electrons are the electrons that are not restricted in any region between the two carbon atoms but spread over all the surrounding carbon atoms. It increases the stability of the molecule through resonance.

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Answer 5

Chapter 11, Problem 11.40P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen atoms in epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of intermixing of atomic orbital of slightly different energies to form hybrid orbitals that have similar energy. These orbital have lower energy and more stability than the atomic orbital.

Hybridization of the atom can be determined from the number of electron groups around that atom in the Lewis structure of the molecule. Single bond, double bond, triple bond and lone pair all are considered as single electron group.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of sigma bonds in epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The sigma bond is the covalent bond that is formed by the axial overlap of orbitals. It can be bonding or anti-bonding interaction. Bonding interaction takes place when there is an overlap of orbitals in the same phase and antibonding interaction occurs when the orbital overlap in opposite phase. It is a very strong bond.

Sigma bond is formed by the end to end overlapping of atomic or hybrid orbitals. All single bonds are sigma bonds. One double bond is made up of one sigma bond and one pi bond. One triple bond is made up of one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of pi electrons that are delocalized in the ring of epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The pi bond is formed by the lateral overlap of orbitals. The electrons involved in pi bond formation are the pi electrons. The delocalized electrons are the electrons that are not restricted in any region between the two carbon atoms but spread over all the surrounding carbon atoms. It increases the stability of the molecule through resonance.

Answer 6

Chapter 11, Problem 11.40P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen atoms in epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of intermixing of atomic orbital of slightly different energies to form hybrid orbitals that have similar energy. These orbital have lower energy and more stability than the atomic orbital.

Hybridization of the atom can be determined from the number of electron groups around that atom in the Lewis structure of the molecule. Single bond, double bond, triple bond and lone pair all are considered as single electron group.

Answer 7

Chapter 11, Problem 11.40P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen atoms in epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization is the process of intermixing of atomic orbital of slightly different energies to form hybrid orbitals that have similar energy. These orbital have lower energy and more stability than the atomic orbital.

Hybridization of the atom can be determined from the number of electron groups around that atom in the Lewis structure of the molecule. Single bond, double bond, triple bond and lone pair all are considered as single electron group.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of sigma bonds in epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The sigma bond is the covalent bond that is formed by the axial overlap of orbitals. It can be bonding or anti-bonding interaction. Bonding interaction takes place when there is an overlap of orbitals in the same phase and antibonding interaction occurs when the orbital overlap in opposite phase. It is a very strong bond.

Sigma bond is formed by the end to end overlapping of atomic or hybrid orbitals. All single bonds are sigma bonds. One double bond is made up of one sigma bond and one pi bond. One triple bond is made up of one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of sigma bonds in epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The sigma bond is the covalent bond that is formed by the axial overlap of orbitals. It can be bonding or anti-bonding interaction. Bonding interaction takes place when there is an overlap of orbitals in the same phase and antibonding interaction occurs when the orbital overlap in opposite phase. It is a very strong bond.

Sigma bond is formed by the end to end overlapping of atomic or hybrid orbitals. All single bonds are sigma bonds. One double bond is made up of one sigma bond and one pi bond. One triple bond is made up of one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of pi electrons that are delocalized in the ring of epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The pi bond is formed by the lateral overlap of orbitals. The electrons involved in pi bond formation are the pi electrons. The delocalized electrons are the electrons that are not restricted in any region between the two carbon atoms but spread over all the surrounding carbon atoms. It increases the stability of the molecule through resonance.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of pi electrons that are delocalized in the ring of epinephrine is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The pi bond is formed by the lateral overlap of orbitals. The electrons involved in pi bond formation are the pi electrons. The delocalized electrons are the electrons that are not restricted in any region between the two carbon atoms but spread over all the surrounding carbon atoms. It increases the stability of the molecule through resonance.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 15

Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 11.1AFP Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 11.1BFP Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 11.2AFP Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 11.2BFP Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 11.3AFP Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 11.3BFP Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 11.4AFP Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 11.4BFP Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.1P Ch. 11 - What is the orbital hybridization of a central...

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