(a) Interpretation: The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with the major product is to be drawn. Concept introduction: The reaction between nucleophile and electrophile, adding to triple bonds or double bond is electrophilic addition reaction. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile ( H ) and nucleophile (X = halide) . The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3 o > 2 o > 1 o . Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

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Answer 1

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Chapter 11, Problem 11.24P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with the major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction between nucleophile and electrophile, adding to triple bonds or double bond is electrophilic addition reaction. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with the major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Electrophilic addition reaction is the reaction between electrophile and nucleophile, adding to double or triple bonds. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Electrophilic addition reaction is the reaction between electrophile and nucleophile, adding to double or triple bonds. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.24P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with the major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction between nucleophile and electrophile, adding to triple bonds or double bond is electrophilic addition reaction. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with the major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Electrophilic addition reaction is the reaction between electrophile and nucleophile, adding to double or triple bonds. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Electrophilic addition reaction is the reaction between electrophile and nucleophile, adding to double or triple bonds. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.24P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with the major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction between nucleophile and electrophile, adding to triple bonds or double bond is electrophilic addition reaction. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with the major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Electrophilic addition reaction is the reaction between electrophile and nucleophile, adding to double or triple bonds. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Electrophilic addition reaction is the reaction between electrophile and nucleophile, adding to double or triple bonds. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.24P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with the major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction between nucleophile and electrophile, adding to triple bonds or double bond is electrophilic addition reaction. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with the major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Electrophilic addition reaction is the reaction between electrophile and nucleophile, adding to double or triple bonds. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Electrophilic addition reaction is the reaction between electrophile and nucleophile, adding to double or triple bonds. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

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Answer 5

Chapter 11, Problem 11.24P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with the major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction between nucleophile and electrophile, adding to triple bonds or double bond is electrophilic addition reaction. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with the major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Electrophilic addition reaction is the reaction between electrophile and nucleophile, adding to double or triple bonds. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Electrophilic addition reaction is the reaction between electrophile and nucleophile, adding to double or triple bonds. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

Answer 6

Chapter 11, Problem 11.24P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with the major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction between nucleophile and electrophile, adding to triple bonds or double bond is electrophilic addition reaction. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

Answer 7

Chapter 11, Problem 11.24P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with the major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The reaction between nucleophile and electrophile, adding to triple bonds or double bond is electrophilic addition reaction. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with the major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Electrophilic addition reaction is the reaction between electrophile and nucleophile, adding to double or triple bonds. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with the major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Electrophilic addition reaction is the reaction between electrophile and nucleophile, adding to double or triple bonds. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Electrophilic addition reaction is the reaction between electrophile and nucleophile, adding to double or triple bonds. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction with major product is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Electrophilic addition reaction is the reaction between electrophile and nucleophile, adding to double or triple bonds. In an addition reaction, the π bond is broken and two new sigma bonds are formed. Hydrogen halide provides both electrophile (H) and nucleophile (X = halide). The mechanism of the electrophilic addition involves the formation of carbocation which is the rate determining step. The reaction rate depends on the formation of the carbocation. The more stable the carbocation is, the more stable the transition state and faster the reaction. Increasing order of carbocation stability is 3o > 2o > 1o. Carbocation is also stabilized by the resonance effect.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.1P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.2P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.3P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.4P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.5P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.6P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.7P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.8P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.9P Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains the electrophilic addition reaction, which involves the formation of a stable carbocation and the major product.

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Chapter 11 Solutions