(a) Interpretation: The two phases that lies in between smectic and nematicliquid crystal should be determined. Concept introduction: Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid. Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry. The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C = N . The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond. Types of liquid crystal are as follows: Nematic Liquid crystal. Smectic Liquid crystal. 1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned. 2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.18CP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The two phases that lies in between smectic and nematicliquid crystal should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The phase transition from point 1 should be determined. Also, the change in order of molecule in this phase transition should be explained

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The phase transition from point 2 should be determined. Also, the change in order of molecule in this phase transition should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.18CP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The two phases that lies in between smectic and nematicliquid crystal should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The phase transition from point 1 should be determined. Also, the change in order of molecule in this phase transition should be explained

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The phase transition from point 2 should be determined. Also, the change in order of molecule in this phase transition should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.18CP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The two phases that lies in between smectic and nematicliquid crystal should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The phase transition from point 1 should be determined. Also, the change in order of molecule in this phase transition should be explained

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The phase transition from point 2 should be determined. Also, the change in order of molecule in this phase transition should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 11, Problem 11.18CP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The two phases that lies in between smectic and nematicliquid crystal should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The phase transition from point 1 should be determined. Also, the change in order of molecule in this phase transition should be explained

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The phase transition from point 2 should be determined. Also, the change in order of molecule in this phase transition should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

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Answer 5

Chapter 11, Problem 11.18CP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The two phases that lies in between smectic and nematicliquid crystal should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The phase transition from point 1 should be determined. Also, the change in order of molecule in this phase transition should be explained

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The phase transition from point 2 should be determined. Also, the change in order of molecule in this phase transition should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

Answer 6

Chapter 11, Problem 11.18CP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The two phases that lies in between smectic and nematicliquid crystal should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

Answer 7

Chapter 11, Problem 11.18CP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The two phases that lies in between smectic and nematicliquid crystal should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The phase transition from point 1 should be determined. Also, the change in order of molecule in this phase transition should be explained

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The phase transition from point 1 should be determined. Also, the change in order of molecule in this phase transition should be explained

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The phase transition from point 2 should be determined. Also, the change in order of molecule in this phase transition should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The phase transition from point 2 should be determined. Also, the change in order of molecule in this phase transition should be explained.

Concept introduction:

Liquid crystals are defined as a phase in which substance exhibits properties of both liquids and solids. Liquid crystal flow like liquid but their arrangement of molecule as well as intermolecular forces is like solid.

Liquid crystal molecules are made up of six-membered rings with on terminal polar group, a linkage group and a side chain of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in liquid crystal molecules has trigonal planar geometry.

The molecules are rigid. The rigidity is increased due to presence of double-bonded linkage groups such as C=N.

The terminal polar groups exhibit strong intermolecular forces such as strong dipole-dipole interaction or dipole−induced dipole interaction and hydrogen bond.

Types of liquid crystal are as follows:

Nematic Liquid crystal.

Smectic Liquid crystal.

1. Nematic Liquid crystal: The molecules in the nematic phase are in same direction and can move around freely very much like that of liquid. In this, the axis is parallel but the ends are not aligned.

2. Smectic Liquid crystal: The molecules in this phase are perpendicular to plane and are arranged in layers. In these, long axis is parallel and also their ends are aligned.

Answer 12

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 13

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.1P Ch. 11 - The normal boiling point of water is 100.0 C, and...Ch. 11 - PRACTICE 11.1 The boiling point of ethanol is 78.4...Ch. 11 - APPLY 11.2 Chloroform CHCl3 has Hvap=29.2kJ/mol...Ch. 11 - How much heat is required to convert15.0 g of...Ch. 11 - APPLY 11.4 What is the sign and magnitude of q...Ch. 11 - Look at the phase diagram of H2O in Figure 11.7,...Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.8A Ch. 11 - Why was a new solvent needed for extracting...Ch. 11 - A fire extinguisher containing carbon dioxide has...

Solution Summary: The author explains the two phases in between smectic and nematic liquid crystal.

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Chapter 11 Solutions