Chapter 11, Problem 11.12P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The types of atomic orbitals of the central atom that are mixed to form hybrid orbitals in ${\text{Cl}}_2\text{O}$ is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The atomic orbitals are the regions around the nucleus of the atom where the electron can be found. These allow atoms to form covalent bonds. There are four types of atomic orbitals. These are $s$ orbital, $p$ orbital, $d$ orbital and $f$ orbital.

The atomic orbitals mix with each other and form hybrid orbitals. These are used in the formation of covalent bonds. These orbitals are more stable than the atomic orbitals from which they are made up.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The types of atomic orbitals of the central atom that are mixed to form hybrid orbitals in ${\text{BrCl}}_3$ are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The atomic orbitals are the regions around the nucleus of the atom where the electron can be found. These allow atoms to form covalent bonds. There are four types of atomic orbitals. These are $s$ orbital, $p$ orbital, $d$ orbital and $f$ orbital.

The atomic orbitals mix with each other and form hybrid orbitals. These are used in the formation of covalent bonds. These orbitals are more stable than the atomic orbitals from which they are made up.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The types of atomic orbitals of the central atom that are mixed to form hybrid orbitals in ${\text{PF}}_5$ are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The atomic orbitals are the regions around the nucleus of the atom where the electron can be found. These allow atoms to form covalent bonds. There are four types of atomic orbitals. These are $s$ orbital, $p$ orbital, $d$ orbital and $f$ orbital.

The atomic orbitals mix with each other and form hybrid orbitals. These are used in the formation of covalent bonds. These orbitals are more stable than the atomic orbitals from which they are made up.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The types of atomic orbitals of the central atom that are mixed to form hybrid orbitals in ${\text{SO}}_3{}^{2-}$ are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The atomic orbitals are the regions around the nucleus of the atom where the electron can be found. These allow atoms to form covalent bonds. There are four types of atomic orbitals. These are $s$ orbital, $p$ orbital, $d$ orbital and $f$ orbital.

The atomic orbitals mix with each other and form hybrid orbitals. These are used in the formation of covalent bonds. These orbitals are more stable than the atomic orbitals from which they are made up.