The chemical potential difference at the given concentration values of Ca 2+ when the membrane potential is -50mV. Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 10, Problem 3E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The chemical potential difference at the given concentration values of Ca²⁺ when the membrane potential is -50mV.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The chemical potential difference at the given concentration values of Ca²⁺, when the membrane potential is -50mV.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The comparison of both case (a) and case (b) and determine in which the movement of Ca²⁺ in the indicated direction is thermodynamically favorable.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 10, Problem 3E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The chemical potential difference at the given concentration values of Ca²⁺ when the membrane potential is -50mV.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The chemical potential difference at the given concentration values of Ca²⁺, when the membrane potential is -50mV.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The comparison of both case (a) and case (b) and determine in which the movement of Ca²⁺ in the indicated direction is thermodynamically favorable.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 10, Problem 3E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The chemical potential difference at the given concentration values of Ca²⁺ when the membrane potential is -50mV.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The chemical potential difference at the given concentration values of Ca²⁺, when the membrane potential is -50mV.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The comparison of both case (a) and case (b) and determine in which the movement of Ca²⁺ in the indicated direction is thermodynamically favorable.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 10, Problem 3E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The chemical potential difference at the given concentration values of Ca²⁺ when the membrane potential is -50mV.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The chemical potential difference at the given concentration values of Ca²⁺, when the membrane potential is -50mV.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The comparison of both case (a) and case (b) and determine in which the movement of Ca²⁺ in the indicated direction is thermodynamically favorable.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

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Answer 5

Chapter 10, Problem 3E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The chemical potential difference at the given concentration values of Ca²⁺ when the membrane potential is -50mV.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The chemical potential difference at the given concentration values of Ca²⁺, when the membrane potential is -50mV.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The comparison of both case (a) and case (b) and determine in which the movement of Ca²⁺ in the indicated direction is thermodynamically favorable.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

Answer 6

Chapter 10, Problem 3E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The chemical potential difference at the given concentration values of Ca²⁺ when the membrane potential is -50mV.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

Answer 7

Chapter 10, Problem 3E

(a)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The chemical potential difference at the given concentration values of Ca²⁺ when the membrane potential is -50mV.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

Answer 8

(b)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The chemical potential difference at the given concentration values of Ca²⁺, when the membrane potential is -50mV.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

Answer 9

(b)

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The chemical potential difference at the given concentration values of Ca²⁺, when the membrane potential is -50mV.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

Answer 10

Summary Introduction

To explain: The comparison of both case (a) and case (b) and determine in which the movement of Ca²⁺ in the indicated direction is thermodynamically favorable.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

To explain: The comparison of both case (a) and case (b) and determine in which the movement of Ca²⁺ in the indicated direction is thermodynamically favorable.

Concept introduction: The free energy change for moving a substance across a membrane depends upon the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. In case of ions, the free energy change depends upon the membrane potential. A random distribution of molecules is an energy-rich condition because when all the concentrations are equal, the free energy change is minimized. The difference in the concentrations of the substances on both sides of the membrane produces a potential difference called the chemical potential difference. The difference in the charge trans-membrane movement of ions across the membrane is called electrochemical potential.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

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