Principles of Economics 2e
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781947172364
Author: Steven A. Greenlaw; David Shapiro
Publisher: OpenStax
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Textbook Question
Chapter 10, Problem 17CTQ
Would you expect the kinked
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Why has the OPEC oil cartel succeeded in raising prices substantially while the CIPEC copper cartel has not? What conditions are necessary for successful cartelization?
The diagram below illustrates the change in market equilibrium in the global oil market due to a demand shock, with the demand
curve shifting from Demand to Demand'. Supply of oil is provided by OPEC countries, as part of a cartel agreement, and other
countries outside the cartel,
P.
P.
Demand
Demand
Quantity, Q
Q Q.
Which of the following statements is/are correct?
global
a) If more countries joined OPEC, and reduced the quantity of oil that they produced as a cartel, it is possible that
market oil price could stay the same depending on other market dynamics.
b) The price of oil in the global market is fixed by the members of the OPEC cartel.
c) If there is increased production of oil in a non-OPEC country when demand is at Demand' there would be a reduction in price
from P1, ceteris paribus.
A film called The 33 tells the story of 33 coal miners in Chile who were trapped inside a collapsed coal mine for more than two months. While trapped inside the mine, the miners agreed that if they ever got out alive, they would sell their story as a group, and that none of them would tell their stories individually. In essence, they formed a cartel, agreeing to sell just one big story for a lot of money rather than each miner selling his own individual story. As it turned out, they did get out alive and they did stick to their agreement. None of the miners sold his story individually. That is, the “cartel” formed by these trapped coal miners worked; nobody cheated. Explain why this cartel, unlike almost all others, was successful. This is not a research question; you don’t have to have the factually correct answer to earn full credit on this question. Rather, a full-credit answer will explain the conditions under which a cartel will be successful and then indicate the specifics of…
Chapter 10 Solutions
Principles of Economics 2e
Ch. 10 - Suppose that, due to a successful advertising...Ch. 10 - Continuing with the scenario in question 1, in the...Ch. 10 - Consider the curve in the figure below, which...Ch. 10 - Sometimes oligopolies in the same industry are...Ch. 10 - What is the relationship between product...Ch. 10 - How is the perceived demand curve for a...Ch. 10 - How does a monopolistic competitor choose its...Ch. 10 - How can a monopolistic competitor tell whether the...Ch. 10 - If the firms in a monopolistically competitive...Ch. 10 - Is a monopolistically competitive firm...
Ch. 10 - Will the firms in an oligopoly act more like a...Ch. 10 - Does each individual in a prisoners dilemma...Ch. 10 - What stops oligopolists from acting together as a...Ch. 10 - Aside from advertising, how can monopolistically...Ch. 10 - Make a case for why monopolistically competitive...Ch. 10 - Would you rather have efficiency or variety? That...Ch. 10 - Would you expect the kinked demand curve to be...Ch. 10 - When OPEC raised the price of oil dramatically in...Ch. 10 - Andreas Day Spa began to offer a relaxing...Ch. 10 - May and Raj me the only two growers who provide...Ch. 10 - Jane and Bill are apprehended for a bank robbery....
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Similar questions
- Q1 a) Briefly explain why the discount factor could credibly be interpreted as the probability of successful prosecution but not as an inflation rate. b) Briefly explain why you could calculate from the best-response function of a duopoly the profit of a cartel, that of a duopoly and that of a unilateral deviation from the cartel.arrow_forwardNonearrow_forwardAssume there are only two firms competing in quantities simultaneously and facing a demand of Q=A-P and each of which has a marginal cost of zero, A>0. For which values of the discount factor, a potential cartel is sustainable? (The game is repeated every two years and the yearly discount factor is d)arrow_forward
- Table: Three-Country Oil Production Total Market Output (units) Market Price 600 $90 800 80 1,000 70 1,200 60 1,400 50 1,600 40 1,800 30 Suppose that three countries are engaged in oil production. For simplicity, assume zero costs so that revenue equals profit. Assume that the three countries have already formed a cartel, and are collectively producing at the profit maximizing price and quantity. Country A decides to cheat on the cartel agreement by producing 200 more barrels than the other two countries. What is the resultant profit earned by country A? $70,000 $30,000 $24,000 $6,000arrow_forwardThe South American cocaine industry consists of several “families” that obtain the raw material, refine it, and distribute it to the USA. There are only about three large families, but there are several small families. What market structure does the industry most resemble? What predictions based on the market structures can be made about the cocaine business? How do you explain the lack of wars among the families?arrow_forwardWhen OPEC raised the price of oil dramatically in the mid-1970s, experts said it was unlikely that the cartel could stay together over the long term—that the incentives for individual members to cheat would become too strong. More than forty years later, OPEC still exists. Why do you think OPEC has been able to beat the odds and continue to collude? Hint: You may wish to consider non-economic reasons. Hint: You may wish to consider non-economic reasons.arrow_forward
- One of the most famous cartels of the past 50 years is OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. The members of OPEC are countries rather than individual businesses. Oil Ministers from each of the countries meet regularly to establish how much each oil each country will produce each month (the amount each country agrees to produce is called its quota). Saudi Arabia is the largest oil-producing country in OPEC. Why does Saudi Arabia usually produce less than its quota each month?arrow_forwardSuppose that a price-taker firm has a marginal cost function given by: MC= 20+0.2q. The firm could join a cartel in its industry and agree to a quota of 10 units. The collusion drives the price of the good from $24.55 to $50.00. Suppose that if the firm cheats on the cartel, it has no effect on the price. Calculate the producer surplus of this firm when they cheat on the cartel.arrow_forwardWhy are cartel agreements often not successful? Different firms experience different costs. All parties would make more money if everyone increased production. One party has an incentive to cheat to make more profit?arrow_forward
- Consider an industry that consists of 4 firms, all competing over the same market, given by the following demand equation: P=80-3Q All firms have the same Total Cost Function, given by: TC₁=10q,+2q Suppose the firms decide to collude and voluntarily restrict output and raise price, in order to increase profits. a) What price will be charged by the members of the cartel? Assume the head of the cartel is fair and distributes output q, equally among the 4 firms (since they have identical costs). b)What is the output of each individual firm? c) What is each individual firm's profit? We know that there is a built-in incentive for cartel members to cheat on the cartel. If, as a result, the cartel breaks down: d) What price will be charged in the market? e) Assuming each firm captures an equal share of the market, what now is each firm's output, q? f) What now is individual firm profit? g) Illustrate your answerarrow_forwardThe Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a cartel that attempts to keep oil prices high by restricting output. As part of that process, each member nation is assigned a production quota; most members have nationalized their oil industry so that the government controls overall production. However, member nations routinely exceed their production targets. Why might OPEC often have difficulty keeping output low and prices high? Oil production costs differ greatly among OPEC members. More politically stable OPEC members (e.g., monarchies) have little incentive to take a long view and so often act to achieve short-run gains. It's very difficult for OPEC to punish cheaters. It's very difficult for OPEC to detect cheaters.arrow_forwardThe table shows a hypothetical demand schedule for monosodium glutamate (MSG). Ajinomoto holds 5050% of the market, Jiali holds 3030% of the market, and Quingdao holds 2020% of the market. Suppose the three firms agree to form a cartel to fix production of monosodium glutamate. Assume marginal cost equals zero, and the output is split equally across the firms. What quantity maximizes the cartel's profit? Price of MSG ($ per pound) Quantity of MSG demanded (millions of pounds) $8$8 00 $7$7 2020 $6$6 3030 $5$5 4040 $4$4 6060 $3$3 9090 $2$2 110110 $1$1 180180 $0$0 300300 million pounds million pounds Suppose Ajinomoto's marginal cost remains equal to zero, but for Jiali and Quingdao, marginal costs rise above zero. How would this affect the incentive of Ajinomoto to act noncooperatively and change its output? Ajinomoto will not have an incentive to change its output. Ajinomoto will have an incentive to increase its output of MSG.…arrow_forward
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