
Concept Introduction:
Gibb’s free energy is a state function which predicts whether a process is spontaneous or not at conditions of constant pressure and temperature. Gibb’s free energy change for a process at constant temperature is defined as:
Where
Entropy is defined as the measure of randomness or disorder in a system.
Entropy of a system is defined statistically on a microscopic level. In statistical mechanics the number of microstates or energy states that is the number of ways in which these microscopic particles acquire same energy is determined.
The number of microstates for a particular energy is denoted as Omega (O). And the entropy is then related to number of microstates by the equation:
Where,
More random arrangements of particles of a system would increase the number of microstates possible for the system. And so entropy of any system increases if it moves towards more random distribution of particles constituting the system.
When a system is heated to a higher temperature, the total energy available to the molecules increases and some portion of molecules can now move at higher speeds. The system can now distribute its energy in more number of ways. Hence heating a system increases it entropy.
In a solid the particles are held together rigidly. When it is melted to form a liquid the particles gain energy and are free to move. The entropy of the system increases.
When you boil a liquid to form vapor, again the particles which are confined to move in a small space in a liquid are more randomly distributed in the vapor phase.

Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Chapter 10 Solutions
EBK CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS,
- Find the equilibrium concentration of H3O+ starting with 0.072 M solution of acetic acid. Ka = 1.8 x 10-5. Acetic acid is HC2H3O2 (aq).HC2H3O2 (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ H3O (aq) + C2H3O2- (aq)arrow_forwardin VSEPR Theory AX2 isa) tetrahedralb) octahedralc) lineard) trigonal bipyramidarrow_forwardCheck How many signals would you expect to find in the H NMR spectrum of each given compound? Part 1 of 2 Part 2 of 2 Br Br 2. Cl X 2 © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Resarrow_forward
- true or false, enthalpy determines whether a reaction in endothermic or exothermicarrow_forwardCheck Consider the 13 C NMR spectrum below. 140 120 100 80 60 60 PPM 40 20 0 The spectrum belongs to which one of the following constitutional isomers of the compound C 10H14? Select the single best answer. ✓ Save © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved.arrow_forwardThe structure of compound 1,1,2-trichloropropane is given below. Cl Cl Cl 1 How many signals would you expect to find in the 'H NMR spectrum of 1,1,2-trichloropropane? ×arrow_forward
- 1, How many signals do you expect in the H NMR spectrum for this molecule? Write the answer below. Also, in each of the drawing areas below is a copy of the molecule, with Hs shown. In each copy, one of the H atoms is colored red. Highlight in red all other H atoms that would contribute to the same signal as the H already highlighted red. Note for advanced students: In this question, any multiplet is counted as one signal. Number of signals in the 'H NMR spectrum. For the molecule in the top drawing area, highlight in red any other H atoms that will contribute to the same signal as the H atom already highlighted red. If no other H atoms will contribute, check the box at right. No additional Hs to color in top molecule For the molecule in the bottom drawing area, highlight in red any other H atoms that will contribute. to the same signal as the H atom already highlighted red. If no other H atoms will contribute, check the box at right. No additional Hs to color in bottom molecule Check…arrow_forwardIncorrect Row 2: Your answer is incorrect. Consider this molecule: How many H atoms are in this molecule? 22 How many different signals could be found in its 'H NMR spectrum? 12 Note: A multiplet is considered one signal.arrow_forward13 How many signals would you expect to see in the Check O signal(s) X § 'C NMR spectrum for the following compound? © 2025 McGraw Hillarrow_forward
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningGeneral Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...ChemistryISBN:9781305580343Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; DarrellPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry for Engineering StudentsChemistryISBN:9781337398909Author:Lawrence S. Brown, Tom HolmePublisher:Cengage Learning
- Principles of Modern ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305079113Author:David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. ButlerPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Matter and ChangeChemistryISBN:9780078746376Author:Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl WistromPublisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill School Pub Co




