It is to be explained how multiple halogenation at α carbon of aldehydes or ketones is possible whereas polyalkylation is generally not a concern. Concept introduction: The α carbon (carbon adjacent to carbonyl carbon) having at least one proton can be converted to a nucleophile by deprotonation. Thus, substitution at α carbon of an aldehyde or ketone is possible. The nucleophilic substitution at α carbon proceeds via S N 2 mechanism. Halogens are electrons withdrawing groups; thus they stabilize the enolate anions.

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 10, Problem 10.38P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It is to be explained how multiple halogenation at α carbon of aldehydes or ketones is possible whereas polyalkylation is generally not a concern.

Concept introduction:

The α carbon (carbon adjacent to carbonyl carbon) having at least one proton can be converted to a nucleophile by deprotonation. Thus, substitution at α carbon of an aldehyde or ketone is possible. The nucleophilic substitution at α carbon proceeds via SN2 mechanism. Halogens are electrons withdrawing groups; thus they stabilize the enolate anions.

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There are 48 pairs of students in the following table. Each pair has quantitatively determined the mass of taurine in a 250 mL can of the popular energy drink marketed as “Munster” using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The class results are presented below: QUESTION: Summarise and report these results including an indication of measurement uncertainty. In both calculation samples calculate if an outlier is present, max value, number of samples, mean, standard deviation, g (suspect), g (critical) and t (critical). Mass of Taurine (mg) Mass of Taurine (mg) (Table continued) 152.01 152.23 151.87 151.45 154.11 152.64 152.98 153.24 152.88 151.45 153.49 152.48 150.68 152.33 151.52 153.63 152.48 151.68 153.17 153.40 153.77 153.67 152.34 153.16 152.57 153.02 152.86 151.50 151.23 152.57 152.72 151.54 146.47 152.38 152.44 152.54 152.53 152.54 151.32…

Indicate the rate expressions for reactions that have order 0, 1, and 2.

Answer 2

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 10, Problem 10.38P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It is to be explained how multiple halogenation at α carbon of aldehydes or ketones is possible whereas polyalkylation is generally not a concern.

Concept introduction:

The α carbon (carbon adjacent to carbonyl carbon) having at least one proton can be converted to a nucleophile by deprotonation. Thus, substitution at α carbon of an aldehyde or ketone is possible. The nucleophilic substitution at α carbon proceeds via SN2 mechanism. Halogens are electrons withdrawing groups; thus they stabilize the enolate anions.

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Answer 3

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 10, Problem 10.38P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It is to be explained how multiple halogenation at α carbon of aldehydes or ketones is possible whereas polyalkylation is generally not a concern.

Concept introduction:

The α carbon (carbon adjacent to carbonyl carbon) having at least one proton can be converted to a nucleophile by deprotonation. Thus, substitution at α carbon of an aldehyde or ketone is possible. The nucleophilic substitution at α carbon proceeds via SN2 mechanism. Halogens are electrons withdrawing groups; thus they stabilize the enolate anions.

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Answer 4

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 10, Problem 10.38P

Interpretation Introduction