Chapter 10, Problem 10.25P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A graph of second derivative has to be prepared.

Concept Introduction:

Titration curve is graphical representation of $\text{pH}$ monitored on y-axis against volume of titrant added. Equivalence point, determined from titration curve, refers to stoichiometric point when concentration of base becomes same as concentration of acid or when all the analyte has been consumed by titrant.

End point that differs slightly from equivalence point in that it characterizes the region that can show color change. The accurate end point would be determined only when there is a range of $\text{pH}$ change for minimal change in volume of titrant. This suggests that slope of change in $\text{pH}$ with change in volume represented as $\Delta \text{pH/}\Delta V$ should be maximum.