Chemistry Atoms First, Second Edition
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781308211657
Author: Burdge
Publisher: McGraw Hill
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Textbook Question
Chapter 10, Problem 10.1QP
Define these terms: system, surroundings, thermal energy, chemical energy.
Expert Solution & Answer
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation: The terms system, surroundings, thermal energy and chemical energy has to be defined.
Concept Introduction:
The terms system, surroundings, thermal energy and chemical energy are involved in thermodynamic process.
System can be defined as portion of universe and surrounding can be defined as rest of the universe other than the system.
Thermal energy can be defined as internal energy that is seen in the system because of its temperature.
Chemical energy can be defined as the energy that is seen in the chemical bonds of atoms and molecules. The chemical energy occurs as energy released during a chemical reaction
Answer to Problem 10.1QP
System can be defined as portion of universe.
Surrounding can be defined as rest of universe other than the system.
Thermal energy can be defined as internal energy that is seen in the system because of its temperature.
Chemical energy can be defined as the energy that is seen in the chemical bonds of atoms and molecules. The chemical energy occurs as energy released during a chemical reaction
Explanation of Solution
System can be defined as portion of universe. The physical and chemical changes of substance generally constitute a system.
There are types of system in thermodynamics namely,
- 1. Open system
- 2. Closed system
- 3. Isolated system
Open system: The free exchange of matter and energy with its surroundings is called as open system. The exchange of matter in open system takes place either by addition of matter or removal of matter. The exchange of energy is much more complicated than exchange of heat. The exchange of energy takes place through heat and through work.
The figure below shows the transfer of energy and matter.
Figure 1
Closed system: The exchange of energy with its surroundings and not matter is called as closed system. The transfer of energy is similar to that of open system
The figure below shows the transfer of energy in close system
Figure 2
Isolated system: Either exchange of energy or matter takes place with the surroundings is called isolated system.
To define surroundings
Surrounding can be defined as rest of universe other than the system.
Explanation:
Any part of the universe other than the system is called as surroundings.
Consider, the example of acid-base neutralization reaction,
The reactants
To define thermal energy
Thermal energy can be defined as internal energy that is seen in the system because of its temperature.
Explanation:
Thermal energy can be defined as internal energy that is seen in the system because of its temperature. Thermal energy deals the unsystematic motion of atoms and molecules.
Its type of kinetic energy that is due to motion. Thermal energy results in substance possessing an internal temperature, which can be measured.
Consider, the example below
Thermometer having degrees in Celsius or Fahrenheit, the particles move faster within an object or system, higher the temperature is recorded.
To define chemical energy
Chemical energy can be defined as the energy that is seen in the chemical bonds of atoms and molecules. The chemical energy occurs as energy released during a chemical reaction.
Explanation:
The form of energy that is stored in chemical bonds of atoms and molecules are called as chemical energy. The chemical energy occurs as energy released during a chemical reaction called as exothermic energy
Examples of matter containing chemical energy are,
- 1) Coal- Chemical energy is converted into light and heat.
- 2) Wood- Chemical energy is converted into light and heat. Etc
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Chapter 10 Solutions
Chemistry Atoms First, Second Edition
Ch. 10.1 - Prob. 10.1.1SRCh. 10.1 - Prob. 10.1.2SRCh. 10.1 - Prob. 10.1.3SRCh. 10.2 - Calculate the overall change in internal energy,...Ch. 10.2 - Calculate the change in total internal energy for...Ch. 10.2 - Calculate the magnitude of q for a system that...Ch. 10.2 - The diagram on the left shows a system before a...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 10.2.1SRCh. 10.2 - Prob. 10.2.2SRCh. 10.3 - Determine the work done (in joules) when a sample...
Ch. 10.3 - Calculate the work done by or on the system during...Ch. 10.3 - (a) Against what external pressure must a gas...Ch. 10.3 - The diagram on the left shows a sample of gas...Ch. 10.3 - Given the thermochemical equation for...Ch. 10.3 - Calculate the solar energy required to produce...Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 3PPBCh. 10.3 - The diagrams represent systems before and after...Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 10.3.1SRCh. 10.3 - Prob. 10.3.2SRCh. 10.4 - Prob. 10.4WECh. 10.4 - Prob. 4PPACh. 10.4 - Prob. 4PPBCh. 10.4 - A metal pellet with a mass of 100.0 g. originally...Ch. 10.4 - What would the final temperature be if the pellet...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 5PPBCh. 10.4 - Prob. 5PPCCh. 10.4 - A Famous Amos bite-sized chocolate chip cookie...Ch. 10.4 - A serving of Grape-Nuts cereal (5.80 g) is burned...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 6PPBCh. 10.4 - Suppose an experiment to determine the energy...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 10.4.1SRCh. 10.4 - Prob. 10.4.2SRCh. 10.4 - Prob. 10.4.3SRCh. 10.4 - Prob. 10.4.4SRCh. 10.5 - Given the following thermochemical equations....Ch. 10.5 - Use the thermochemical equations provided in...Ch. 10.5 - Prob. 10.5.1SRCh. 10.5 - Prob. 10.5.2SRCh. 10.6 - Prob. 10.8WECh. 10.6 - Using data from Appendix 2, calculate Hrn for...Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 8PPBCh. 10.6 - The diagrams represent a system before and after a...Ch. 10.6 - Given the following information, calculate the...Ch. 10.6 - Use the following data to calculate Hf for...Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 9PPBCh. 10.6 - The diagrams represent a system before and after a...Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 10.6.1SRCh. 10.6 - Prob. 10.6.2SRCh. 10.6 - Prob. 10.6.3SRCh. 10.7 - Use bond enthalpies from Table 10.4 to estimate...Ch. 10.7 - Use bond enthalpies from fable 10.4 to estimate...Ch. 10.7 - Prob. 10PPBCh. 10.7 - Prob. 10PPCCh. 10.7 - Prob. 10.7.1SRCh. 10.7 - Prob. 10.7.2SRCh. 10.7 - Prob. 10.7.3SRCh. 10.7 - Prob. 10.7.4SRCh. 10.8 - Prob. 10.11WECh. 10.8 - Prob. 11PPACh. 10.8 - The lattice energy of MgO is 3890 kJ/mol, and the...Ch. 10.8 - Prob. 11PPCCh. 10.8 - Prob. 10.8.1SRCh. 10.8 - Prob. 10.8.2SRCh. 10 - Define these terms: system, surroundings, thermal...Ch. 10 - What is heat? How does heat differ from thermal...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.3QPCh. 10 - Define these terms: thermochemistry, exothermic...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.5QPCh. 10 - Describe two exothermic processes and two...Ch. 10 - Decomposition reactions are usually endothermic,...Ch. 10 - On what law is the first law of thermodynamics...Ch. 10 - Explain what is meant by a state function. Give...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.10QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.11QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.12QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.13QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.14QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.15QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.16QPCh. 10 - Define these terms: enthalpy and enthalpy of...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.18QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.19QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.20QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.21QPCh. 10 - A gas expands and does PV work on the surroundings...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.23QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.24QPCh. 10 - Consider the reaction at a certain temperature. If...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.26QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.27QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.28QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.1VCCh. 10 - Prob. 10.2VCCh. 10 - Prob. 10.3VCCh. 10 - Prob. 10.4VCCh. 10 - Prob. 10.5VCCh. 10 - Prob. 10.6VCCh. 10 - Prob. 10.7VCCh. 10 - Referring to the process depicted in Figure 10.10,...Ch. 10 - What is the difference between specific heat and...Ch. 10 - Define calorimetry and describe two commonly used...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.31QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.32QPCh. 10 - A sheet of gold weighing 10.0 g and at a...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.34QPCh. 10 - A quantity of 2.00 102 mL of 0.862 M HC1 is mixed...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.36QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.37QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.38QPCh. 10 - A 25.95-g sample of methanol at 35.6C is added to...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.40QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.41QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.42QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.43QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.44QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.45QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.46QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.47QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.48QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.49QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.50QPCh. 10 - What is meant by the standard-state condition?Ch. 10 - How are the standard enthalpies of an element and...Ch. 10 - What is meant by the standard enthalpy of a...Ch. 10 - Write the equation for calculating the enthalpy of...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.55QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.56QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.57QPCh. 10 - Calculate the heats of combustion for the...Ch. 10 - Calculate the heats of combustion for the...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.60QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.61QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.62QPCh. 10 - From the standard enthalpies of formation,...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.64QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.65QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.66QPCh. 10 - Which is the more negative quantity at 25C: Hf for...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.68QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.69QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.70QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.71QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.72QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.73QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.74QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.75QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.76QPCh. 10 - For the reaction 2C2H6(g)+7O2(g)4CO2(g)+6H2O(g)...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.78QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.79QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.9VCCh. 10 - Prob. 10.10VCCh. 10 - Prob. 10.11VCCh. 10 - Prob. 10.12VCCh. 10 - Explain how the lattice energy of an ionic...Ch. 10 - Specify which compound in each of the following...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.82QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.83QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.84QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.85QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.86QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.87QPCh. 10 - Hydrazine (N2H4) decomposes according to the...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.89QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.90QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.91QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.92QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.93QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.94QPCh. 10 - You are given the following data....Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.96QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.97QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.98QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.99QPCh. 10 - Compare the heat produced by the complete...Ch. 10 - The so-called hydrogen economy is based on...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.102QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.103QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.104QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.105QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.106QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.107QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.108QPCh. 10 - A certain gas initially at 0.050 L undergoes...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.110QPCh. 10 - The first step in the industrial recovery of zinc...Ch. 10 - Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the...Ch. 10 - Portable hot packs are available for skiers and...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.114QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.115QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.116QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.117QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.118QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.119QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.120QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.121QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.122QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.123QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.124QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.125QPCh. 10 - Vinyl chloride (C2H3Cl) differs from ethylene...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.127QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.128QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.129QPCh. 10 - Determine the standard enthalpy of formation of...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.131QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.132QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.133QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.134QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.135QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.136QPCh. 10 - Both glucose and fructose arc simple sugars with...Ch. 10 - About 6.0 1013 kg of CO2 is fixed (converted to...Ch. 10 - Experiments show that it takes 1656 kJ/mol to...Ch. 10 - From a thermochemical point of view, explain why a...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.141QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.142QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.143QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.144QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.145QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.146QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.147QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.148QPCh. 10 - A drivers manual states that the stopping distance...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.150QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.151QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.152QPCh. 10 - When 1.034 g of naphthalene (C10H8), is burned in...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.154QPCh. 10 - A gas company in Massachusetts charges 27 cents...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.156QPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.157QPCh. 10 - According to information obtained from...Ch. 10 - Using data from Appendix 2, calculate the standard...Ch. 10 - Using data from Appendix 2, calculate the standard...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10.3KSPCh. 10 - Prob. 10.4KSP
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