Chapter 1, Problem 4P

Program Plan Intro

Anomaly:

• Without normalization, redundancies occur in the table, and it may lead to errors or some sort of inconsistency. These are termed as anomalies.
• Anomalies occur when user wants to update the data in the table.
• There are three types of anomalies namely, Insertion anomaly, Deletion anomaly and Modification anomaly.

Data redundancy:

• Data redundancy is presence of repeated data in the storage device. It consists of duplicate data that is additional to the actual data.
• In this, the data related to a folder can be seen in other folders. For example, file related to science folder can be seen in mathematics or social.