Introductory Statistics (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780321978271
Author: Robert Gould, Colleen N. Ryan
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 1, Problem 42SE
Pneumonia Vaccine for Young Children A study reported by Griffin et al. compared the rate of pneumonia between 1997 and 1999 before pneumonia vaccine (PCV7) was introduced and between 2007 and 2009 after pneumonia vaccine was introduced. Read the excerpts from the abstract, and answer the question that follows it. (Source: Griffin et al., “U.S. hospitalizations for pneumonia after a decade of pneumococcal vaccination,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 369 [July 11, 201]: 155-163)
We estimated annual rates of hospitalization for pneumonia from any cause using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. . . . Average annual rates of pneumoniarelated hospitalizations from 1997 through 1999 (before the introduction of PCV7) and from 2007 through 2009 (well after its introduction) were used to estimate annual declines in hospitalizations due to pneumonia.
The annual rate of hospitalization for pneumonia among children younger than 2 years of age declined by 551.1 per 100,000 children . . . which translates to 47,000 fewer hospitalizations annually than expected on the basis of the rates before PCV7 was introduced.
Results for other age groups were similar. Does this show that pneumonia vaccine caused the decrease in pneumonia that occurred? Explain.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Height and Breast Cancer. In the article “Height and Weight at Various Ages and Risk of Breast Cancer” (Annals of Epidemiology, Vol. 2, pp. 597–609), L. Brinton and C. Swanson discussed the relationship between height and breast cancer. The study, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, took 5 years and involved more than 1500 women with breast cancer and 2000 women without breast cancer; it revealed a trend between height and breast cancer: “. . . taller women have a 50 to 80 percent greater risk of getting breast cancer than women who are closer to 5 feet tall.” Christine Swanson, a nutritionist who was involved with the study, added, “. . . height may be associated with the culprit, . . . but no one really knows” the exact relationship between height and the risk of breast cancer.
a. Classify this study as either an observational study or a designed experiment. Explain your answer.
b. Interpret the statement made by Christine Swanson in light of your answer to part (a).
Tourism is extremely important to the economy of Florida. Hotel occupancy is an often-reported measure of visitor volume and visitor activity (Orlando Sentinel, May 19, 2018). Hotel occupancy data for
February in two consecutive years are as follows.
Current Year
1,476
1,800
Occupied Rooms
Total Rooms
1,422
1,800
a. Formulate the hypothesis test that can be used to determine whether there has been an increase in the proportion of rooms occupied over the one-year period.
Let P₁= population proportion of rooms occupied for current year
P2 population proportion of rooms occupied for previous year
-
P2 less than or equal to 0
greater than 0
Ho P1
Ha P1 P2
b. What is the estimated proportion of hotel rooms occupied each year (to 2 decimals)?
Current year
.80
X
Previous Year
.77
c. Conduct a hypothesis test. What is the p-value (to 4 decimals)? Use Table 1 from Appendix B.
Previous Year
p-value = 0.0166
Using a 0.05 level of significance, what is your conclusion?
We can conclude
that there…
Tourism is extremely important to the economy of Florida. Hotel occupancy is an often-reported measure of visitor volume and visitor activity
(Orlando Sentinel, May 19, 2018). Hotel occupancy data for February in two consecutive years are as follows.
Current Year
1,394
1,700
Occupied Rooms
Total Rooms
a. Formulate the hypothesis test that can be used to determine whether there has been an increase in the proportion of rooms occupied over the
one-year period.
Let p₁ = population proportion of rooms occupied for current year
P2 = population proportion of rooms occupied for previous year
0.82
Previous Year
1,404
1,800
Ho: P1 P2 less than or equal to 0
Ha P₁ P2 greater than 0
b. What is the estimated proportion of hotel rooms occupied each year (to 2 decimals)?
Current year
Previous Year
c. Conduct a hypothesis test. What is the p-value (to 4 decimals)? Use Table 1 from Appendix B.
0.78
Chapter 1 Solutions
Introductory Statistics (2nd Edition)
Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES The data in the Table 1A were...Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES The data in the Table 1A were...Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES The data in the Table 1A were...Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES The data in the Table 1A were...Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES The data in the Table 1A were...Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES The data in the Table 1A were...Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES The data in the Table 1A were...Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES The data in the Table 1A were...Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES The data in the Table 1A were...Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES The data in the Table 1A were...
Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES Brain Size (Example 2) In 1991,...Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES Students’ Ages The accompanying...Ch. 1 - Snacks Emmanuel, a student at a Los Angeles high...Ch. 1 - Movies A sample of students were questioned to...Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES Older Siblings (Example 3) At a...Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES College Students working at a...Ch. 1 - Finding and Using Percentages a. A statistics...Ch. 1 - Finding and Using Percentages a. A hospital...Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES The data in the Table 1A were...Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES The data in the Table 1A were...Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES Two-Way Table from Data The...Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES Two-way Table from Data Make a...Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES Population Prediction The 2009...Ch. 1 - SECTION EXERCISES 2007 Population The 2009 World...Ch. 1 - Living with AIDS The table gives the number of...Ch. 1 - Population Density The accompanying table gives...Ch. 1 - Marriage rates the number of married people in the...Ch. 1 - Births and Deaths the following information about...Ch. 1 - Course Enrollment Rates (Example 5 ) two sections...Ch. 1 - Pedestrian fatalities In 2008, the National...Ch. 1 - Prob. 31SECh. 1 - Records of patients who have had broken ankles are...Ch. 1 - For Exercises 1.39 through 1.44, indicate whether...Ch. 1 - For Exercises 1.39 through 1.44, indicate whether...Ch. 1 - For Exercises 1.39 through 1.44, indicate whether...Ch. 1 - For Exercises 1.39 through 1.44, indicate whether...Ch. 1 - A researcher was interested in the effect of...Ch. 1 - A researcher was interested in the effect of...Ch. 1 - Effects of Tutoring on Math Grades (Example 8) A...Ch. 1 - Treating Depression A doctor who believes strongly...Ch. 1 - Early Tonsillectomy for Children (Example 6 )...Ch. 1 - Pneumonia Vaccine for Young Children A study...Ch. 1 - Copper Bracelets (Example 7 ) Some people believe...Ch. 1 - Weight Loss Study A group of overweight people are...Ch. 1 - Do Pesticides Cause Parkinson's Disease? A study...Ch. 1 - Breast Cancer Two drugs were tested to see whether...Ch. 1 - Flu Vaccine In the fall of 2004, there was a...Ch. 1 - Effect of Confederates on Compliance A study was...Ch. 1 - Vitamin C and Allergies (Example 8 ) Posted at the...Ch. 1 - Does Overeating Reduce Brain Function? The Harvard...Ch. 1 - Effects of Light Exposure (Example 9) A study...Ch. 1 - Scared Straight The idea of sending delinquents to...Ch. 1 - Obesity and Marital Status A 2009 study analyzed...Ch. 1 - Prob. 54CRECh. 1 - Probation a statistics student conducted a study...Ch. 1 - Scorpion Antivenom A study was done on children (6...Ch. 1 - Writing: Vitamin D Describe the design of a...Ch. 1 - Writing: Strokes People who have had strokes are...Ch. 1 - Medicaid Expansion Medicaid is a program...Ch. 1 - HIV-1 and HIV-2 Does infection with HIV-2 slow the...Ch. 1 - Death Row and Head Trauma A study conducted by...Ch. 1 - Brief Exercise and Diabetes As part of a study,...
Additional Math Textbook Solutions
Find more solutions based on key concepts
How much time do Americans living in or near cities spend waiting in traffic, and how much does waiting in traf...
Business Statistics: A First Course (7th Edition)
In Exercises 9-20, use the data in the following table, which lists drive-thru order accuracy at popular fast f...
Elementary Statistics (13th Edition)
Compare and contrast the nonscientific methods for knowing or acquiring knowledge (tenacity, intuition, authori...
Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (MindTap Course List)
2.18 Graph the relative frequency histogram for the 500 measurements summarized in the accompanying relative fr...
Statistics for Business and Economics (13th Edition)
1. How is a sample related to a population?
Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World (6th Edition)
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, statistics and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Urban Travel Times Population of cities and driving times are related, as shown in the accompanying table, which shows the 1960 population N, in thousands, for several cities, together with the average time T, in minutes, sent by residents driving to work. City Population N Driving time T Los Angeles 6489 16.8 Pittsburgh 1804 12.6 Washington 1808 14.3 Hutchinson 38 6.1 Nashville 347 10.8 Tallahassee 48 7.3 An analysis of these data, along with data from 17 other cities in the United States and Canada, led to a power model of average driving time as a function of population. a Construct a power model of driving time in minutes as a function of population measured in thousands b Is average driving time in Pittsburgh more or less than would be expected from its population? c If you wish to move to a smaller city to reduce your average driving time to work by 25, how much smaller should the city be?arrow_forwardWhat is an experiment?arrow_forwardTourism is extremely important to the economy of Florida. Hotel occupancy is an often-reported measure of visitor volume and visitor activity (Orlando Sentinel, May 19, 2018). Hotel occupancy data for February in two consecutive years are as follows. Current Year Previous Year Occupied Rooms 1,584 1,445 Total Rooms 1,800 1,700 a. Formulate the hypothesis test that can be used to determine whether there has been an increase in the proportion of rooms occupied over the one-year period. Let pi population proportion of rooms occupied for current year P2 = population proportion of rooms occupied for previous year Ho : P1 - P2 - Select your answer - Ha : P1 – P2 - Select your answer - b. What is the estimated proportion of hotel rooms occupied each year (to 2 decimals)? Current year Previous Year c. Conduct a hypothesis test. What is the p-value (to 4 decimals)? Use Table 1 from Appendix B. p-value = Using a 0.05 level of significance, what is your conclusion? We -Select your answer - that…arrow_forward
- Can you please help with this problem.arrow_forwardA researcher conducts a study to investigate whether the obesity rate rural communities differ from the obesity rate from the population at large. He gathered a sample of adults from a small community, measured their weight, and compared it to the population average. What statistical test is appropriate for this study and why?arrow_forwardTourism is extremely important to the economy of Florida. Hotel occupancy is an often-reported measure of visitor volume and visitor activity (Orlando Sentinel, May 19, 2018). Hotel occupancy data for February in two consecutive years are as follows. Previous Year Occupied Rooms Total Rooms Current Year 1,505 1,750 1,577 1,900 a. Formulate the hypothesis test that can be used to determine whether there has been an increase in the proportion of rooms occupied over the one-year period. Let P₁ = population proportion of rooms occupied for current year P2 = population proportion of rooms occupied for previous year Ho: P1 P2 less than or equal to 0 Ha P₁ P2 greater than 0 b. What is the estimated proportion of hotel rooms occupied each year (to 2 decimals)? Current year Previous Year c. Conduct a hypothesis test. What is the p-value (to 4 decimals)? Use Table 1 from Appendix B. p-value = Using a 0.05 level of significance, what is your conclusion? We can conclude that there has been an…arrow_forward
- Tourism is extremely important to the economy of Florida. Hotel occupancy is an often-reported measure of visitor volume and visitor activity (Orlando Sentinel, May 19, 2018). Hotel occupancy data for February in two consecutive years are as follows. Current Year Previous Year Occupied Rooms 1,360 1,386 Total Rooms 1,700 1,800 a. Formulate the hypothesis test that can be used to determine whether there has been an increase in the proportion of rooms occupied over the one-year period. Let pi = population proportion of rooms occupied for current year Pa= population proportion of rooms occupied for previous year Ho : Pi - Pa H.: Pi - P2 Select your answer Select your answer b. What is the estimated proportion of hotel rooms occupied each year (to 2 decimals)? Current year Previous Year c. Conduct a hypothesis test. What is the p-value (to 4 decimals)? Use Table 1 from Appendix B. p-value - Using a 0.05 level of significance, what is your conclusion? We Select your answer- vthat there has…arrow_forwardTourism is extremely important to the economy of Florida. Hotel occupancy is an often-reported measure of visitor volume and visitor activity (Orlando Sentinel, May 19, 2018). Hotel occupancy data for February in two consecutive years are as follows. Current Year Previous Year Occupied Rooms 1,470 1,377 Total Rooms 1,750 1,700 a. Formulate the hypothesis test that can be used to determine whether there has been an increase in the proportion of rooms occupied over the one-year period. Let pi population proportion of rooms occupied for current year P2 population proportion of rooms occupied for previous year Ho : P1 - P2 - Select your answer - На : р1 P2 - Select your answer - b. What is the estimated proportion of hotel rooms occupied each year (to 2 decimals)? Current year Previous Year c. Conduct a hypothesis test. What is the p-value (to 4 decimals)? Use Table 1 from Appendix B. p-value %3D Using a 0.05 level of significance, what is your conclusion? We - Select your answer - v that…arrow_forwardEach year the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) releases fuel economy data on cars manufactured in that year. Below are summary statistics on fuel efficiency (in miles/gallon for city driving) from random samples of cars with manual and automatic transmissions manufactured in 2012. We want to know if there is a statistical difference between the average fuel efficiencies between the two different types of transmission. Automatic Transmission Manual Transmission T1 = 15.7 S1 = 3.6 N1 = 26 T2 = 19 S2 = 4.65 N2 = 34 Мean SD Sample Size (a) Calculate the standard error for the appropriate sampling distribution: SE (b) We want to calculate a 91% confidence interval for the difference between the gas mileages for the automatic transmission and the manual transmission cars. What is the critical t-score that we should use to build our confidence interval? teritical (c) Calculate the margin of error, the lower bound, and the upper bound for the 91% confidence interval. Margin of Error =…arrow_forward
- Tourism is extremely important to the economy of Florida. Hotel occupancy is an often-reported measure of visitor volume and visitor activity (Orlando Sentinel, May 19, 2018). Hotel occupancy data for February in two consecutive years are as follows. Current Year Occupied Rooms Total Rooms 1,750 1,800 a. Formulate the hypothesis test that can be used to determine whether there has been an increase in the proportion of rooms occupied over the one-year period. Let P-population proportion of rooms occupied P2 = population proportion of rooms occupied current year previous year HoP-P-Select your answer. H₂i Pi-Pa-Select your answer b. What is the estimated proportion of hotel rooms occupied each year (to 2 decimals)? Current year Previous Year c. Conduct a hypothesis test. What is the p-value (to 4 decimals)? Use Table 1 from Appendix B. p-value Using a 0.05 level of significance, what is your conclusion? We Select you ct your answer that there has been an increase in the hotel occupancy…arrow_forwardWinter visitors are extremely important to the economy of Southwest Florida. Hotel occupancy is an often- reported measure of visitor volume and visitor activity. Hotel occupancy data for February in two consecutive years are as follows. Current Year Previous Year Оссирied Rexms 1470 1458 Total Rooms 1750 1800 a. Formulate the hypothesis test that can be used to determine if there has been an increase in the proportion of rooms occupied over the one-year period. b. What is the estimated proportion of hotel rooms occupied each year? Using a 0.05 level of significance, what is your hypothesis test conclusion? What is the p-value? C. d. What is the 95% confidence interval estimate of the change in occupancy for the one-year period?arrow_forwardWe are testing whether a particular program of low impact exercise can improve the cholesterol level of stroke patients. We enroll a group of stroke patients in our study, and after six weeks we measure their serum cholesterol level in mmol/L, resulting in the following data: 6.1 9.3 6.3 4 9 5.5 6.3 4.2 4.7 7.8 4.3 7.5 9.1 4.2 6.9 8.1 5.6 9.4 8.3 8.8 7.2 5.7 6.5 3.8 3.8 9 9.4 4.5 8 7 4.5 9.4 6.6 4.1 6.6 9.1 3.9 5.3 (a) Construct a 95% confidence interval. _______< u < ______ From an existing study, we know that the average cholesterol level of all stroke patients is 7 mmol/L. We want to know if the level in our patients is significantly different from this. (b) What is our Test statistic? ______ (c) What is the two-tailed p-value of this result? ______arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Functions and Change: A Modeling Approach to Coll...AlgebraISBN:9781337111348Author:Bruce Crauder, Benny Evans, Alan NoellPublisher:Cengage Learning
Linear Algebra: A Modern IntroductionAlgebraISBN:9781285463247Author:David PoolePublisher:Cengage Learning
Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw Hill
Big Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Stu...AlgebraISBN:9781680331141Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURTPublisher:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Functions and Change: A Modeling Approach to Coll...
Algebra
ISBN:9781337111348
Author:Bruce Crauder, Benny Evans, Alan Noell
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Linear Algebra: A Modern Introduction
Algebra
ISBN:9781285463247
Author:David Poole
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...
Algebra
ISBN:9780079039897
Author:Carter
Publisher:McGraw Hill
Big Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Stu...
Algebra
ISBN:9781680331141
Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURT
Publisher:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Hypothesis Testing - Solving Problems With Proportions; Author: The Organic Chemistry Tutor;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76VruarGn2Q;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals (FRM Part 1 – Book 2 – Chapter 5); Author: Analystprep;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vth3yZIUlGQ;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY