21ST CENT.ASTRONOMY(LL)W/CODE WKBK PKG.
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780393874921
Author: PALEN
Publisher: Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc.
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Chapter 1, Problem 37QP
(a)
To determine
The time that takes for light from Neptune to reach Earth.
(b)
To determine
The problem when
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Suppose you send a probe to land on Mercury, and the probe transmits radio signals to earth at a wavelength of 52.0000 cm. You listen for the probe when Mercury is moving away from Earth at its full orbital velocity of 48 km/s around the Sun. What wavelength (in cm) would you have to tune your radio telescope to detect that signal?
Use the doppler shift formula Note: the speed of light is 3.0 ✕ 105 km/s. Give your answer to at least four decimal places.)
Calculate how long radio communications from the spacecraft will take when it encounters Mars. The furthest distance from Earth to Mars is 2.66 AU. Remember that 1 AU = 1.5 x 1011 m and that light travels at 3 x 108 m/s. So how long will the radio messages take to travel this greatest distance of 2.66 AU?
If two way communication between the Earth and the spacecraft involve a 1 s time lapse before an acknowledging signal is sent by the spacecraft, how long a time is there between sending a command to the spacecraft and receiving a reply?
The planet Mercury is closer to the Sun than the Earth is, so it can sometimes come between Earth and Sun. That's called a transit.
A transit is like a failed solar eclipse: In a solar eclipse, the Moon gets between Earth and Sun and blocks all sunlight. In a transit, Mercury blocks only a small fraction of the Sun's light because Mercury isn't close enough to us to completely block our view of the Sun.
We want to calculate by how much the Sun will be dimmed when such a transit occurs, because that's important to know for satellites which are powered by solar panels (shown hovering around the Earth in the image above).
Without Mercury in the way, the radiation intensity that hits the top of the Earth's atmosphere from the Sun is 1,360.8 W/m2
(W stands for Watt, measuring energy transferred per second).
The fraction of this intensity that is blocked by Mercury during a transit is equal to the ratio between the cross-sectional area of Mercury (as seen from Earth) and the…
Chapter 1 Solutions
21ST CENT.ASTRONOMY(LL)W/CODE WKBK PKG.
Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 1.1CYUCh. 1.2 - Prob. 1.2CYUCh. 1.3 - Prob. 1.3CYUCh. 1 - Prob. 1QPCh. 1 - Prob. 2QPCh. 1 - Prob. 3QPCh. 1 - Prob. 4QPCh. 1 - Prob. 5QPCh. 1 - Prob. 6QPCh. 1 - Prob. 7QP
Ch. 1 - Prob. 8QPCh. 1 - Prob. 9QPCh. 1 - Prob. 10QPCh. 1 - Prob. 11QPCh. 1 - Prob. 12QPCh. 1 - Prob. 13QPCh. 1 - Prob. 14QPCh. 1 - Prob. 15QPCh. 1 - Prob. 16QPCh. 1 - Prob. 17QPCh. 1 - Prob. 18QPCh. 1 - Prob. 19QPCh. 1 - Prob. 20QPCh. 1 - Prob. 21QPCh. 1 - Prob. 22QPCh. 1 - Prob. 23QPCh. 1 - Prob. 24QPCh. 1 - Prob. 25QPCh. 1 - Prob. 26QPCh. 1 - Prob. 27QPCh. 1 - Prob. 28QPCh. 1 - Prob. 29QPCh. 1 - Prob. 30QPCh. 1 - Prob. 31QPCh. 1 - Prob. 32QPCh. 1 - Prob. 33QPCh. 1 - Prob. 34QPCh. 1 - Prob. 35QPCh. 1 - Prob. 36QPCh. 1 - Prob. 37QPCh. 1 - Prob. 38QPCh. 1 - Prob. 39QPCh. 1 - Prob. 40QPCh. 1 - Prob. 41QPCh. 1 - Prob. 42QPCh. 1 - Prob. 43QPCh. 1 - Prob. 44QPCh. 1 - Prob. 45QP
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- Mercury's orbit ranges from 46 to 70 million km from the Sun, while Earth orbits at about 150 million km. a. The Sun has a 30-arc-minute diameter viewed from Earth; what range of sizes does it have when viewed from Mercury? When Mercury is 46 million km from the Sun, the Sun has a diameter of When Mercury is 70 million km from the Sun, the Sun has a diameter of arc-minutes. arc-minutes. b. At Mercury's orbital extremes, how many times stronger is the Sun's radiation on Mercury than on Earth? At 46 million km, the Sun's radiation is times stronger than on Earth. At 70 million km, the Sun's radiation is times stronger than on Earth.arrow_forwardJupiter radiates more energy than it receives from the Sun by 8.7 x10-10 LO. Jupiter's radius is 7.1 x109 cm and its mass is 1.9 x1030 g. Compute its dynamical and thermal timescales. (b) Can we assume that Jupiter is in hydrostatic equilibrium? (c) Could gravitational contraction have powered Jupiter's luminosity for its entire 4.5 Gyr lifetime? (d) Use conservation of energy to estimate the rate at which Jupiter's radius is shrinking to power this radiation. You may ignore the factor of order unity that arises from Jupiter's unknown density distribution.arrow_forwardSaturn emits radiation at a rate of 1.98 x 1017 W and absorbs sunlight at a rate of 1.11 x 1017 W. a) Assuming that the radiation excess comes exclusively from Saturn's gravitational potential energy, at what rate dR/dt is Saturn shrinking? b) How long would it take for Saturn's radius to decrease by 1%?arrow_forward
- Suppose you send a probe to land on Mercury, and the probe transmits radio signals to earth at a wavelength of 40.0000 cm. You listen for the probe when Mercury is moving away from Earth at its full orbital velocity of 48 km/s around the Sun. What wavelength (in cm) would you have to tune your radio telescope to detect that signal?arrow_forwardConsider the attached light curve for a transiting planet observed by the Kepler mission. If the host star is identical to the sun, what is the radius of this planet? Give your answer in terms of the radius of Jupiter. Brightness of Star Residual Flux 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.006 0.002 0.000 -8-881 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 Time (days) → 0.02 0.04 0.06arrow_forwardOne way that astronomers detect planets outside of our solar system (called exoplanets) is commonly referred to as the radial velocity method. This relies on the __________ ___________ to cause shifts in the spectral lines of stars as the stars perform tiny orbits around the center of mass of the host star and its orbiting planets. Those tiny orbits cause the stars to periodically (and therefore predictably) move closer to and further away from our solar system. Luckily, this method only relies on the motion of the star; its physical distance from us does not impact the resulting shifts.arrow_forward
- Please tell me correct option with proper explanation.arrow_forwardK What is the wavelength (in nm) of the most intense radiation emitted from the surface of Mercury at high noon? (Hint: Use Wien's law, Amax = 2.90 x 10° m: K %3D T (in K) nm In which band of the electromagnetic spectrum is that wavelength? (Hint: Examine the following figure.) Visible light Short wavelengths Long wavelengths 4 x 107 5x 107 6x 107 7x 10meters (400 nm) (500 nm) (600 nm) /(700 nm) Wavelength (meters) 10 12 10 10 10 104 102 1 102 104 Gamma- ray Ultra- violet Micro- Radio X-ray Infrared wave UHF VHF FM AM a Opaque Visual window Radio window Transparent Short Wavelength Long b O gamma-ray O X-ray O ultraviolet O visual O infrared O microwave O radio оооо о оо Opacity of Earth's atmospherearrow_forwardSince 1995, hundreds of extrasolar planets have been discovered. There is the exciting possibility that there is life on one or more of these planets. To support life similar to that on the Earth, the planet must have liquid water. For an Earth-like planet orbiting a star like the Sun, this requirement means that the planet must be within a habitable zone of 0.9 AU to 1.4 AU from the star. The semimajor axis of an extrasolar planet is inferred from its period. What range in periods corresponds to the habitable zone for an Earth-like Planet orbiting a Sun-like star?arrow_forward
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