Chapter 1, Problem 31P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For each of the given atom, the formal charge (if exists) is to be given.

Concept introduction:

The formal charge is calculated as follows:

$\text{F}=\text{Z}-\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\text{S}-\text{U}$

Here, F is the formal charge, Z is the group number of the element, S is the number of shared electrons, and U is the number of unshared electrons.