Chapter 1, Problem 1.78P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The temperature of liquid nitrogen in degree Celcius $\left(\text{°C}\right)$ is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The temperature of an object is the measure of the coldness and hotness of the object relative to another object. The S.I unit of temperature is Kelvin $\left(\text{K}\right)$. The other units of temperature are degree Celcius $\left(\text{°C}\right)$ and Fahrenheit $\left(°\text{F}\right)$.

The first is the Fahrenheit $\left(\text{°F}\right)$ scale common in the United States. On this scale, the freezing point of water is $\text{32 °F}$ and the boiling point is $\text{212 °F}$. The room temperature is around $72°\text{F}$ on this scale.

The other scale common in countries apart from the United States is the Celsius $\left(\text{°C}\right)$ scale. On this scale, the freezing point of water is $\text{0 °C}$ and the boiling point of water is $\text{100 °C}$. The room temperature is around $\text{22 °C}$.

The third scale is the Kelvin scale which is also known as Absolute scale.

The conversion factor to convert temperature from degree Celsius to Kelvin is,

  $T\left(\text{K}\right)=T\left(\text{°C}\right)+273.15$        (1)

The conversion factor to convert temperature from degree Celsius to Fahrenheit is,

  $T\left(\text{°F}\right)=\frac{9}{5}T\left(°\text{C}\right)+32$        (2)

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The temperature of liquid nitrogen in degree Fahrenheit is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

The temperature of an object is the measure of the coldness and hotness of the object relative to another object. The S.I unit of temperature is Kelvin $\left(\text{K}\right)$. The other units of temperature are degree Celcius $\left(\text{°C}\right)$ and Fahrenheit $\left(°\text{F}\right)$.

The first is the Fahrenheit $\left(\text{°F}\right)$ scale common in the United States. On this scale, the freezing point of water is $\text{32 °F}$ and the boiling point is $\text{212 °F}$. The room temperature is around $72°\text{F}$ on this scale.

The other scale common in countries apart from the United States is the Celsius $\left(\text{°C}\right)$ scale. On this scale, the freezing point of water is $\text{0 °C}$ and the boiling point of water is $\text{100 °C}$. The room temperature is around $\text{22 °C}$.

The third scale is the Kelvin scale which is also known as Absolute scale.

The conversion factor to convert temperature from degree Celsius to Kelvin is,

  $T\left(\text{K}\right)=T\left(\text{°C}\right)+273.15$        (1)

The conversion factor to convert temperature from degree Celsius to Fahrenheit is,

  $T\left(\text{°F}\right)=\frac{9}{5}T\left(°\text{C}\right)+32$        (2)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The liters of liquid nitrogen produced when $895.0\text{ L}$ of nitrogen gas is liquefied at $77.36\text{ K}$ are to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Density is defined as mass per unit volume. Mass and volume are physical quantities and the units of mass and volume are fundamental units. Density is the ratio of mass to the volume. The unit of volume is derived from the units of mass and volume. The SI unit of density is ${\text{kg/m}}^{\text{3}}$. The formula to calculate density is,

  $\text{Density}=\frac{\text{Mass}}{\text{Volume}}$        (4)