Chapter 1, Problem 1.49P

Draw a three-dimensional representation for each molecule. Indicate which ones have a dipole moment and in what direction it is pointing.

1. (a) CH₃F
2. (b) CH₂Cl₂
3. (c) CH₂ClBr
4. (d) CFCl₃
5. (e) CCl₄
6. (f) CH₂=CCl₂
7. (g) CH₂=CHCl
8. (h) HC≡C—C≡CH
9. (i) CH₃C≡N
10. (j) (CH₃)₂C=O
11. (k) BrCH=CHBr (two answers)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Polar Molecules:

Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.

Dipole moment:

The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.

Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.

Explanation of Solution

The given compound is shown below,

Fluoromethane is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity fluorine atom. The structure of fluoromethane is given below,

Fluorine is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen. Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen.

The direction of dipole moment in dichloromethane is given below,

The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,

Figure 1

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Polar Molecules:

Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.

Dipole moment:

The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.

Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.

Explanation of Solution

The given compound is shown below,

Dichloromethane is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity chlorine atom. The structure of dichloromethane is given below,

Chlorine is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen. Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen.

The direction of dipole moment in dichloromethane is given below,

The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,

Figure 2

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Polar Molecules:

Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.

Dipole moment:

The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.

Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.

Explanation of Solution

The given compound is shown below,

Bromochloromethane is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity chlorine and bromine atom. The structure of Bromochloromethane is given below,

Chlorine is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen, similarly bromine is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen. Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen.

The direction of dipole moment in Bromochloromethane is given below,

The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,

Figure 3

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Polar Molecules:

Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.

Dipole moment:

The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.

Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.

Explanation of Solution

The given compound is shown below,

Trichlorofluoromethane is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity fluorine atom and chlorine atom. The structure of Trichlorofluoromethane is given below,

Fluorine is more electronegative than chlorine and carbon, similarly chlorine is more electronegative than carbon.

The direction of dipole moment in Trichlorofluoromethane is given below,

The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,

Figure 4

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Polar Molecules:

Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.

Dipole moment:

The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.

Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.

Explanation of Solution

The given compound is shown below,

Carbon tetrachloride is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity chlorine. The structure of Carbon tetrachloride is given below,

Chlorine is more electronegative than carbon. The direction of dipole moment in Carbon tetrachloride is given below,

The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,

Figure 5

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Polar Molecules:

Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.

Dipole moment:

The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.

Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.

Explanation of Solution

The given compound is shown below,

Vinylidene chloride is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity chlorine. The structure of Vinylidene chloride is given below,

Chlorine is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen, similarly Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen.

The direction of dipole moment in Vinylidene chloride is given below,

The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,

Figure 6

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Polar Molecules:

Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.

Dipole moment:

The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.

Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.

Explanation of Solution

The given compound is shown below,

Vinyl chloride is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity chlorine. The structure of Vinyl chloride is given below,

Chlorine is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen, similarly Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen.

The direction of dipole moment in Vinyl chloride is given below,

The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,

Figure 7

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Polar Molecules:

Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.

Dipole moment:

The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.

Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.

Explanation of Solution

The given compound is non-polar molecule. The structure of compound is given below,

Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen.

The direction of dipole moment in of the given compound is given below,

The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,

Figure 8

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Polar Molecules:

Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.

Dipole moment:

The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.

Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.

Explanation of Solution

The given compound is shown below,

Acetonitrile is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity nitrogen atom. The structure of Acetonitrile is given below,

Nitrogen is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen, similarly Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen.

The direction of dipole moment in acetonitrile is given below,

The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,

Figure 9

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Polar Molecules:

Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.

Dipole moment:

The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.

Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.

Explanation of Solution

The given compound is shown below,

Acetone is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity oxygen atom. The structure of acetone is given below,

Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen, similarly Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen.

The direction of dipole moment in acetone is given below,

The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,

Figure 10

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Three-dimensional representation for the molecule has to be drawn and dipole movement, the direction of its dipole moment has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Polar Molecules:

Polar Molecules contains partial positive and partial negative charge in the molecule due its electronegativity difference between the molecules.

Dipole moment:

The charge separation of the molecule produces dipole moment. Dipole moment arises between two ions in an ionic bond or covalent bond.

Dipole moment depends on the differences in electronegativity of the atom in the molecule. The electronegativity is more, the larger the dipole moment. The dipole moment is calculated from the polarity of the molecule.

Explanation of Solution

The given compound 1,2-Dibromoethylene, therefore it has two form

1. (i) Cis 1,2-Dibromoethylene
2. (ii) Trans- 1,2-Dibromoethylene

1,2-Dibromoethylene is polar molecule because it has more electronegativity bromine atom. The structure of 1,2-Dibromoethylene is given below,

Bromine is more electronegative than carbon and hydrogen, similarly Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen.

The direction of dipole moment in 1,2-Dibromoethylene is given below,

The Three-dimensional representation for the molecule is shown below,

Figure 11

Figure 12