Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown. Concept introduction: Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei. Carbonyl group: A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom ( C = O ) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

Question

The dissociation of the weak acid, nitrous acid, HNO2, takes place according to the reaction: HNO2 (aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + NO2–(aq) K=7.2 X 10-4 When 1.00 mole of HNO2 is added to 1.00 L of water, the H+ concentration at equilibrium is 0.0265 M.A) Calculate the value of Q if 1.00 L of water is added? B) How will reaction shift if 1.00 L of water is added?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.41P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Carbonyl group:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Carboxylic acid:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

If the carbonyl carbon is attached with hydroxyl group is called as carboxylic acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Hydroxyl group:

Alcohol:

The compound contains hydroxyl (OH) group, which is bonded with tetrahedral carbon atom is called as an alcohol.

Example is given below

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Ester group:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group. If the carbonyl carbon is attached with hydroxyl group is called as carboxylic acid. Hydrogen atom is replaced with carbon atom in carboxylic acid is called as ester.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Amide:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

If the carbonyl carbon is attached with nitrogen is called as amide.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.41P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Carbonyl group:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Carboxylic acid:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

If the carbonyl carbon is attached with hydroxyl group is called as carboxylic acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Hydroxyl group:

Alcohol:

The compound contains hydroxyl (OH) group, which is bonded with tetrahedral carbon atom is called as an alcohol.

Example is given below

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Ester group:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group. If the carbonyl carbon is attached with hydroxyl group is called as carboxylic acid. Hydrogen atom is replaced with carbon atom in carboxylic acid is called as ester.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Amide:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

If the carbonyl carbon is attached with nitrogen is called as amide.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.41P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Carbonyl group:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Carboxylic acid:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

If the carbonyl carbon is attached with hydroxyl group is called as carboxylic acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Hydroxyl group:

Alcohol:

The compound contains hydroxyl (OH) group, which is bonded with tetrahedral carbon atom is called as an alcohol.

Example is given below

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Ester group:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group. If the carbonyl carbon is attached with hydroxyl group is called as carboxylic acid. Hydrogen atom is replaced with carbon atom in carboxylic acid is called as ester.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Amide:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

If the carbonyl carbon is attached with nitrogen is called as amide.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.41P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Carbonyl group:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Carboxylic acid:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

If the carbonyl carbon is attached with hydroxyl group is called as carboxylic acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Hydroxyl group:

Alcohol:

The compound contains hydroxyl (OH) group, which is bonded with tetrahedral carbon atom is called as an alcohol.

Example is given below

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Ester group:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group. If the carbonyl carbon is attached with hydroxyl group is called as carboxylic acid. Hydrogen atom is replaced with carbon atom in carboxylic acid is called as ester.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Amide:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

If the carbonyl carbon is attached with nitrogen is called as amide.

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Answer 5

Chapter 1, Problem 1.41P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Carbonyl group:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Carboxylic acid:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

If the carbonyl carbon is attached with hydroxyl group is called as carboxylic acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Hydroxyl group:

Alcohol:

The compound contains hydroxyl (OH) group, which is bonded with tetrahedral carbon atom is called as an alcohol.

Example is given below

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Ester group:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group. If the carbonyl carbon is attached with hydroxyl group is called as carboxylic acid. Hydrogen atom is replaced with carbon atom in carboxylic acid is called as ester.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Amide:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

If the carbonyl carbon is attached with nitrogen is called as amide.

Answer 6

Chapter 1, Problem 1.41P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Carbonyl group:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

Answer 7

Chapter 1, Problem 1.41P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Carbonyl group:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Carboxylic acid:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

If the carbonyl carbon is attached with hydroxyl group is called as carboxylic acid.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Carboxylic acid:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

If the carbonyl carbon is attached with hydroxyl group is called as carboxylic acid.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Hydroxyl group:

Alcohol:

The compound contains hydroxyl (OH) group, which is bonded with tetrahedral carbon atom is called as an alcohol.

Example is given below

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Hydroxyl group:

Alcohol:

The compound contains hydroxyl (OH) group, which is bonded with tetrahedral carbon atom is called as an alcohol.

Example is given below

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Ester group:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group. If the carbonyl carbon is attached with hydroxyl group is called as carboxylic acid. Hydrogen atom is replaced with carbon atom in carboxylic acid is called as ester.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Ester group:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group. If the carbonyl carbon is attached with hydroxyl group is called as carboxylic acid. Hydrogen atom is replaced with carbon atom in carboxylic acid is called as ester.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Amide:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

If the carbonyl carbon is attached with nitrogen is called as amide.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons have to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Lewis structure: The Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule so that the electrons shared in each atom should have 8 electrons in its outer shell. Sometimes the chemical bonding of a molecule cannot be represented using a single Lewis structure. In these cases, the chemical bonding are described by delocalization of electrons and is known as resonance. All the possible resonance structures are imaginary whereas the resonance hybrid is real. These structures will differ only in the arrangement of the electrons not in the relative position of the atomic nuclei.

Amide:

A carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) is called as carbonyl group which is one of the functional group.

If the carbonyl carbon is attached with nitrogen is called as amide.

Answer 16

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Answer 17

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Answer 21

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Answer 22

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Answer 23

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Answer 24

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Answer 25

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Answer 27

Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 1.1P Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 1.2P Ch. 1.2 - Judging from their relative positions in the...Ch. 1.2 - Classify each bond as nonpolar covalent or polar...Ch. 1.2 - Using the symbols and +, indicate the direction...Ch. 1.2 - Draw Lewis structures showing all valence...Ch. 1.2 - Draw Lewis structures for these ions and show...Ch. 1.3 - Draw Lewis structures and condensed structural...Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 1.9P Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 1.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that Lewis structures have to be drawn for the functional group and valence electrons.

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Chapter 1 Solutions