Biological Science
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321743671
Author: Scott Freeman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 1, Problem 11TYU
Summary Introduction
To review:
The statements given in the question. Please refer the statement given in the question. that “If the theory of evolution is true..
Introduction:
The theory of evolution states that a gradual change is occurring continuously within the heritable traits over the passing time. To validate this theory, scientists started to trace back the origin of plants and animals on earth and how different the modern world is from the old world. They also started to compare genomes of different species to know that up to what extent one species differ from another on a molecular level and which species are closely related and which are distant.
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Imagine that you have the DNA sequences from the intron of a gene in three species called A, B, and C. Species A and B are most closely related, while C is more distantly related. The sequences of A and B differ by 18 base pairs, A and C differ by 26 base pairs, and B and C differ by 28 base pairs. Fossils show that species A and B diverged about 1.2 Mya, but there is no fossil evidence as to when the most recent common ancestor of all three species lived. (Draw a simple tree to help you think about the problem)
Use the genetic data to estimate that date (most recent common ancestor).
HINT = use Eqn 7.1, several times- first to estimate mutation rate. Then to estimate the unknown time since divergence
Cladograms and phylogenetic trees are both examples of evolutionary trees. While both types contain groups of organisms that descended from a common ancestor, phylogenetic trees are typically constructed in a way where the length of the "branches" and their relation to other organisms on the tree represent the inferred evolutionary change that actually occurred. On the other hand, cladograms typically display "branches" that are of equal distance to one another.The primary purpose of this assignment is for you become comfortable reading evolutionary trees, to accurately determine recent common ancestors, to identify which organisms are extinct (dead), extant (living), and the general relationship genetics plays in the overarching process of evolution.
1. What types of evidence could scientists look at to make an accurate evolutionary tree?
In the table below is a short gene sequence in 4 closely related taxa and an outgroup.
Based on comparisons of this DNA sequence, determine the placement of these four taxa in the phylogenetic tree below. Clearly identify the taxon (P, Q, R, or S) that corresponds to each branch tip (1, 2, 3, or 4).
Based on your constructed tree, is Species P more closely related to Species Q or Species S? Justify your answer.
Chapter 1 Solutions
Biological Science
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- A group of researchers are trying to determine the relationship between various groups of organisms. The researchers analyze the amino acid sequence of the protein cytochrome c in various groups of organisms. Once they sequence cytochrome c in all organisms, they determine the number of amino acid substitutions in each group. The results can be seen in the graph below, which plots the data with respect to the time since the divergence of the members of paired groups from a common ancestor. A B mammals and reptiles с Number of Amino Acid Substitutions (per 100 amino acids) in Cytochrome, c D 60- 50+ 40+ 30- 20+ 10+ 0 0 O birds and reptiles A graph showing when various groups of organisms diverged from a common ancestor Based on the graph above, can you conclude which of the following organisms are most distantly related? 200 400 600 800 1,000 Time Since Divergence from a Common Ancestor (millions of years) fish and land vertebrates mammals and reptiles birds and mammals insects and…arrow_forwardPhylogenetic trees are a type of model that can be used to show how organisms are related through common ancestry. The phylogenetic tree model represents nodes numbered 1 through 8. Using evidence from the phylogenetic tree determine which species would be MOST closely related to the species on branch C? Question options: The species on Branch A is most closely related to the species on branch C because they share the most recent common ancestor at node 1. The species on Branch B is most closely related to the species on branch C because they share the greatest number of common +ancestors. The species on Branch A & B are both most closely related to the species on branch C because they share the most most recent common ancestor at node 2. The species on Branches F, G, H, and I are all equally related to the species on branch C because they all split from a common ancestor at the same time which is illustrated by having nodes 2 and 7 at the…arrow_forwardBriefly discuss the differences in how a selectionist (one that believes that Natural Selection is a strong evolutionary force) and a neutralist (one that believes that genetic drift is a strong evolutionary force) views the following: molecular clock, evolution of coding sequences, evolution of "pseudogenes".arrow_forward
- Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar way to perform about the same function. Which of the following would suggest that the relationship more likely represents homology instead of convergent evolution? a. The two species share many proteins in common, and the nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins are almost identicalb. The two species live at great distance from each otherc. The structures in adult members of both species are similar in sized. Both species are well adapted to their respective environmentsarrow_forwardA phylogenetic tree is different from a cladogram in that ... Group of answer choices A: it shows that all species are not related to a common ancestor, but each has a distinct archetype. B: it represents the time scale of evolution, including where extinct species fit in. C: it uses an outgroup to compare a small group of species that exhibit similar traits D: it is not based on genetic or morphological evidence.arrow_forward4 05 4 3. 2. D.arrow_forward
- D. Place a star at the most recent common ancestor that A-D share. E. Place a triangle at the most recent common ancestor that A-E share.arrow_forwardThe table below shows short DNA sequences from a gene in a closely related group of dragons, as well as their close relative, the Winged Ground Lizard. Assume each change in the DNA sequence evolved only once. Draw a phylogenetic tree that represents the relationship among the dragon species, as well as the Winged Ground Lizard. Indicate the locations on the tree where there is a change in the DNA sequence and indicate the site position and what the change isarrow_forwardSuppose we are sure, because of previous studies, that species 1, 2, and 3 are more closely related to each other than to species 4 (outgroup). We sequence a gene and find ten nucleotide sites that differ among the four species. Draw the most parsimonious tree and label each evolutionary change on the tree (Position – new nucleotide; Example = 8T or 6C). *The answer is below but I do not understand where the numbers or tick marks came from? Could someone explain. For example, why is the 1A on the 2?arrow_forward
- Most phylogenetic trees always show a two branch divergence from the common ancestor. Do you think this represents a true pattern of evolution? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardDraw a simple phylogenetic tree for two sisters clades with a common ancestor. Each sister clade consists of two taxa. Define the following terms and use to label your diagram: clade, node, branch, common ancestor, and taxon.arrow_forwardThis phylogeny consists of two distinct genera of cat; one with one species (P. aliquam) and another of three species (the red box indicates their distance). The species have three main physical traits: coat colour, ear tufts and tail shape. At the ancestral nodes of the tree, it can be seen what the ancestor of these species looked like for these three traits. Each of these traits has undergone a different type of evolution. Choose one type of evolution and explain the mechanism that brought the given characteristics.arrow_forward
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