Biochemistry
Biochemistry
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781464126109
Author: Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr., Lubert Stryer
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 1, Problem 11P
Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The values of ratio of acetate ion to acetic acid and ethylamine to ethylammonium is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The expression to calculate H+ ion concentration is as follows,

pH=log[H+] ...... (1)

The expression for the ratio of acetate to acetic acid, which can be done with help of expression of pKa given below,

Ka=[CH3COO][H+][CH3COOH] ...... (2)

Where,

  • [CH3COO] is the concentration of acetate ion.
  • [CH3COOH] is the concentration of acetic acid.
  • [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions.
  • Ka is equilibrium constant of the acid.

The ratio of ethylamine to ethylammonium is calculated as follows:

Kb=[C2H5NH3+][OH][C2H5NH2] ...... (3)

Where,

  • Kb is the dissociation constant of the base.
  • [C2H5NH3+] is the concentration of ethylammonium ion.
  • [OH] is the concentration of hydroxyl ion.
  • [C2H5NH2] is the concentration of ethylamine.

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Compare and contrast primary and secondary active transport mechanisms in terms of energy utilisation and efficiency. Provide examples of each and discuss their physiological significance in maintaining ionic balance and nutrient uptake. Rubric Understanding the key concepts (clearly and accurately explains primary and secondary active transport mechanisms, showing a deep understanding of their roles) Energy utilisation analysis ( thoroughly compares energy utilisation in primary and secondary transport with specific and relevant examples Efficiency discussion Use of examples (provides relevant and accurate examples (e.g sodium potassium pump, SGLT1) with clear links to physiological significance. Clarity and structure (presents ideas logically and cohesively with clear organisation and smooth transition between sections)
9. Which one of the compounds below is the major organic product obtained from the following reaction sequence, starting with ethyl acetoacetate? 요요. 1. NaOCH2CH3 CH3CH2OH 1. NaOH, H₂O 2. H3O+ 3. A OCH2CH3 2. ethyl acetoacetate ii A 3. H3O+ OH B C D E
7. Only one of the following ketones cannot be made via an acetoacetic ester synthesis. Which one is it? Ph کہ A B C D E
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