Zone of Zone of antibody excess antigen excess Zone of optimal proportions Relative amount of antigen Antibody Soluble antigen of In the zone of antibody In the zone of optimal excess, little or no cross-linking occurs; no visible precipitate proportions, extensive cross-linking occurs; a visible precipitate forms. no visible precipitate In the zone of antigen excess, little or no cross-linking occurs; forms. forms. FIGURE 18.13 Antigen-Antibody Precipltation Reactions The maximum amount of precipitate forms in the zone of optimal proportion. Amount of antibody precipitated

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Environmental effects

Environmental effect is the beneficial or adverse impact of human products, services, or activities on the environment. For example, the release of volatile organic compounds negatively affects the environment and causes smog formation. On the other hand, collecting litter and putting it in bins positively affects the environment.