y'(t) = f(t, y(t)) in Lecture 1, together with the initial condition y(a) = f = f(t) depends only on the independent variable t, you get the simplest type of ODE that can be solved via Calc II: FTC implies = ß, we noted that if

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Chapter2: Second-order Linear Odes
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y' (t) = f(t,y(t))
in Lecture 1, together with the initial condition y(a)
=
ß, we noted that if
f = f(t) depends only on the independent variable t, you get the simplest type
of ODE that can be solved via Calc II: FTC implies
y(t) = ß + f* f(s) ds
and you might be able to find an explicit formula for the integral on the right
hand side using techniques from Calc II.
We also noted that in the more interesting case f = f(t, y), FTC is still
applicable and gives
y(t) = ß + [* f(s, y(s)) ds
which doesn't immediately look useful, since the integrand of the integral on
the right hand side entails the unknown function y that you are trying to find.
However: This formula can be used to iteratively approximate the solution
of the general ODE. Consider starting with a very simple initial guess for what
the unknown function is; let's take it to be the constant function yo(t) = ß that
at least satisfies the initial condition. Plugging it into the right hand side of
the integral formula, we get a new (hopefully improved) approximation; call it
yı (t):
3₁(t) = ß + [ * ƒ(s, yo(s)) ds = ß+ [ f(s, ß) ds.
Because the integrand is now an explicit function of s, you can attempt to
evaluate the integral via Calc II methods.
Consider applying this idea iteratively: At the n-th stage, having obtained
the n-th approximation y(t), you plug it into the right hand side to generate
a new (hopefully improved) approximation yn+1(t):
Yn+1(t)=B+ -[f(s, yn (s)) ds.
Transcribed Image Text:y' (t) = f(t,y(t)) in Lecture 1, together with the initial condition y(a) = ß, we noted that if f = f(t) depends only on the independent variable t, you get the simplest type of ODE that can be solved via Calc II: FTC implies y(t) = ß + f* f(s) ds and you might be able to find an explicit formula for the integral on the right hand side using techniques from Calc II. We also noted that in the more interesting case f = f(t, y), FTC is still applicable and gives y(t) = ß + [* f(s, y(s)) ds which doesn't immediately look useful, since the integrand of the integral on the right hand side entails the unknown function y that you are trying to find. However: This formula can be used to iteratively approximate the solution of the general ODE. Consider starting with a very simple initial guess for what the unknown function is; let's take it to be the constant function yo(t) = ß that at least satisfies the initial condition. Plugging it into the right hand side of the integral formula, we get a new (hopefully improved) approximation; call it yı (t): 3₁(t) = ß + [ * ƒ(s, yo(s)) ds = ß+ [ f(s, ß) ds. Because the integrand is now an explicit function of s, you can attempt to evaluate the integral via Calc II methods. Consider applying this idea iteratively: At the n-th stage, having obtained the n-th approximation y(t), you plug it into the right hand side to generate a new (hopefully improved) approximation yn+1(t): Yn+1(t)=B+ -[f(s, yn (s)) ds.
Again, because you will have already determined a formula for yn (t) at this
stage, the integrand will be an explicit function of s that you can attempt to
integrate via Calc II methods.
Apply this iterative procedure to the following ODE:
y = y
y(0) = 1.
Starting the procedure with yo(t) = 1, find explicit formulas for y₁ (t), y2(t),..., y4 (t).
Then, observing the pattern, determine the formula for yn (t). Plot y₁ (t),..., y4 (t)
along with the exact solution of the initial value problem (find it) on the same
axis for t€ [0, 1]. Do you recognize yn (t) as something you have seen before,
perhaps in Calc I or II? Based on this, explain why you think the approximate
solutions yn (t) are converging, or not, to the true solution of the ODE.
Transcribed Image Text:Again, because you will have already determined a formula for yn (t) at this stage, the integrand will be an explicit function of s that you can attempt to integrate via Calc II methods. Apply this iterative procedure to the following ODE: y = y y(0) = 1. Starting the procedure with yo(t) = 1, find explicit formulas for y₁ (t), y2(t),..., y4 (t). Then, observing the pattern, determine the formula for yn (t). Plot y₁ (t),..., y4 (t) along with the exact solution of the initial value problem (find it) on the same axis for t€ [0, 1]. Do you recognize yn (t) as something you have seen before, perhaps in Calc I or II? Based on this, explain why you think the approximate solutions yn (t) are converging, or not, to the true solution of the ODE.
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