You are given the following data about a virtual memory system: (a) The TLB can hold 512 entries and can be accessed in 1 clock cycle (1 nsec). (b) A page table entry can be found in 100 clock cycles or 100 nsec. (c) The average page replacement time is 9 msec. If page references are handled by the TLB 99% of the time, and only 0.01% lead to a page fault, what is the effective address-translation time?

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Fundamentals of Input and Output Performance

The I/O subsystem is a component of computer system design that uses buses to assist communication between the Central Processing Unit, Computer Memory/Storage, and Input and Output Devices (that is known as peripheral devices). The I/O subsystem includes disc controllers, tape drives, discs, system buses, and other devices. The I/O database application reads and writes drives using the operating system windows I/O.