You are a chemist working for a pharmaceutical company that produces a wide range of vitamin products. Today, your work list includes testing a batch of “2Bs Vitamins"; a vitamin supplement that contains a mixture of Vitamin Bl and B6. Your task is to determine that each tablet in the batch contains the specified quantity of cach vitamin. Sample preparation includes collecting ten (10) tablets at random from the batch, crushing them, and homogenizing the crushed tablets. 350 mg of the homogenized powder was accurately weighed and placed in a 50 mL volumetric flask and dissolved in 0.1M HCI and diluted to volume. 0.5 mL of this solution was then placed in a 100 mL volumetric flask and diluted to volume. Normally, you would analyse this vitamin mixture using an HPLC, because it is easier to first separate the 2B's into their individual components and then quantitate. Unfortunately for you, however, the HPLC is down, and you must use UV-VIS spectrophotometry to do the job. 2.0 As a first step, you place some of the prepared sample in a lcm cuvette and - Sample do a scan from 200 to 320 nm in order - Vitamin B1 to determine Amax for each vitamin. 1.5 The result is the spectrum labelled - Vitamin B6 "Sample" in Figure 1.' 1.0 Your second step is to prepare individual solutions of cach vitamin and run similar scans for each vitamin. The result are the two spectra labelled 0.5 "Vitamin B1" and "Vitamin B6" in Figure 1. 0.0 (a) What is àmax and why did you measure it? ++ 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 Wavelength, nm (b) Why can you not use direct calibration and the original scan of Figure 1. Absorption spectra of vitamins B1 and B6 (individual) and the mixture in the tablet sample. the mixture to determine the concentration of each vitamin in the prepared sample? Absorbance
Ideal and Real Gases
Ideal gases obey conditions of the general gas laws under all states of pressure and temperature. Ideal gases are also named perfect gases. The attributes of ideal gases are as follows,
Gas Laws
Gas laws describe the ways in which volume, temperature, pressure, and other conditions correlate when matter is in a gaseous state. The very first observations about the physical properties of gases was made by Robert Boyle in 1662. Later discoveries were made by Charles, Gay-Lussac, Avogadro, and others. Eventually, these observations were combined to produce the ideal gas law.
Gaseous State
It is well known that matter exists in different forms in our surroundings. There are five known states of matter, such as solids, gases, liquids, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. The last two are known newly in the recent days. Thus, the detailed forms of matter studied are solids, gases and liquids. The best example of a substance that is present in different states is water. It is solid ice, gaseous vapor or steam and liquid water depending on the temperature and pressure conditions. This is due to the difference in the intermolecular forces and distances. The occurrence of three different phases is due to the difference in the two major forces, the force which tends to tightly hold molecules i.e., forces of attraction and the disruptive forces obtained from the thermal energy of molecules.
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