Write the introduction of antibodies in
Definition of antibodies: Antibodies are proteins that can attach to particular substances known as antigens. Their Y-shaped structure has several parts that can attach to antigens. In recent years, several kinds of antibodies, including primary and secondary antibodies, as well as monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies with various specificities, have been discovered. Because of these advancements, antibodies have become essential components in a wide range of applications in therapeutics and biomedical research.
Antibodies in biotechnology
Monoclonal antibody, an antibody that is created artificially. One of the most significant biotechnology methods to appear in the final part of the twentieth century was the fabrication of monoclonal antibodies. When triggered by an antigen, circulating B cells multiply to generate a clone of plasma cells that secrete equivalent immunoglobulin molecules. Monoclonal antibodies refer to immunoglobulins produced from the progeny of a single B cell.
However, the antibody response to a natural illness or active vaccination is polyclonal. It involves a large number of B cells, each of which identifies a unique epitope of the immunizing antigen and secretes a unique immunoglobulin. Therefore, the blood serum of an immunized human or animal typically contains a range of antibodies, all of which are capable of interacting with the identical antigen but at various epitopes on the antigen's surface. Furthermore, antibodies that bind to the same epitope frequently have varied binding capacities to that epitope. This enables separating a significant amount of a specific monoclonal antibody from the polyclonal mixture easier.
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