Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
Write Lewis structures for these ions. Show all valence electrons and all formal charges.
(Q) Carbonate ion, CO32-
Lewis structure represents the systematic arrangement of atoms around the central atom. Electrons in this structure are indicated by dots. The central atom is the least electronegative element in a compound.
The molecular formula of the given compound is . O is more electronegative than C. Therefore, C is the central atom in the compound
The C atom has 4 valence electrons and O has 6 valence electrons. Calculate the total number of valence electrons.
The total number of valence electrons in are 24. The number of valence electron pairs is half of the total number of valence electrons. Therefore, the number of valence electron pairs 12, which is 24/2.
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