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Why test that mice infected with B. anthracis produce antibodies to the S-layer proteins? What is the point, what does it tell us? (figure 6) I need help finding the answer in the article and answer as short a possible  link to

Why test that mice infected with B. anthracis produce antibodies to the S-layer proteins? What is the point, what does it tell us? (figure 6) I need help finding the answer in the article and answer as short a possible  link to

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Why test that mice infected with B. anthracis produce antibodies to the S-layer proteins? What is the point, what does it tell us? (figure 6)

I need help finding the answer in the article and answer as short a possible 

link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC106848/

The Capsule and S-Layer: Two Independent and Yet Compatible Macromolecular Structures in Bacillus anthracis STÉPHANE MESNAGE,¹ EVELYNE TOSI-COUTURE,² PIERRE GOUNON,² MICHÈLE MOCK,¹ AND AGNES FOUET¹* Toxines et Pathogénie Bactériennes (CNRS URA 1858)¹ and Station Centrale de Microscopie Electronique, ² Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Received 5 September 1997/Accepted 22 October 1997 Bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium. Fully virulent bacilli are toxinogenic and capsulated. Two abundant surface proteins, including the major antigen, are components of the B. anthracis surface layer (S-layer). The B. anthracis paracrystalline S-layer has previously only been found in noncapsulated vegetative cells. Here we report that the S-layer proteins are also synthesized under conditions where the poly-y-D-glutamic acid capsule is present. Structural and immunological analyses show that the capsule is exterior to and completely covers the S-layer proteins. Nevertheless, analysis of single and double S-layer protein mutants shows that the presence of these proteins is not required for normal capsulation of the bacilli. Similarly, the S-layer proteins assemble as a two-dimensional crystal, even in the presence of the capsule. Thus, both structures are compatible, and yet neither is required for the correct formation of the other. Bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium, is the causative agent of anthrax. This disease, to which many animals, including humans, are susceptible, involves toxemia and septicemia. In the mammalian host, B. anthracis bacilli synthesize two toxins (lethal and edema toxins) (31) and a capsule (18) encoded by two large plasmids, pX01 and pXO2, respectively (12, 21). The capsule is composed of poly-y-D- glutamic acid and has antiphagocytic properties (13, 31, 37). Although unusual, a similar capsule is also found on Bacillus licheniformis bacilli (9). In the absence of pXO2 or the inducer bicarbonate, the cell does not produce a capsule and the cell wall appears layered. These layers are composed of fragments displaying a highly patterned ultrastructure (10, 16). This type of cell surface is now referred to as the surface layer (S-layer). S-layers are present on the surfaces of many archaea and bacteria (for reviews, see references 29 and 30). Most are formed by noncovalent, entropy-driven assembly of a single (glyco)protein protomer on the bacterial surface, giving rise to proteinaceous paracrystalline layers. Generally, a single S- layer is present, constituting 5 to 10% of total cell protein. Its synthesis is thus presumably energy consuming for the bacte- rium. Numerous bacteria have S-layers, suggesting that they play important roles in the interaction between the cell and its environment. Various functions have been proposed for S- layers, including shape maintenance and molecular sieving, and they can serve in phage fixation. The S-layer may be a virulence factor, protecting pathogenic bacteria against com- plement killing, facilitating binding of bacteria to host mole- cules, or enhancing their ability to associate with macrophages (for reviews, see references 27 and 29). Some bacteria, such as cyanobacteria or Azotobacter spp., possess both a capsule and an S-layer; however, to our knowl- edge, their structural relationships have not been analyzed through simultaneous genetic and cytologic studies. Both of these features have been independently described for the sur- * Corresponding author. Mailing address: Toxines et Pathogénie Bactériennes, Institut Pasteur, 28, rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. Phone: 33 1 45 68 86 54. Fax: 33 1 45 68 89 54. E-mail: afouet@pasteur.fr. 52 face of the pathogenic bacterium B. anthracis. The components of the B. anthracis S-layer are two abundant surface proteins, EA1 and Sap (6, 20). Previous analyses of the B. anthracis S-layer used plasmid-cured strains; consequently, the interac- tion, if any, between the capsule and the S-layer could not be studied. Temporal or environmental regulation could be such that only one or the other structure is ever present at the cell surface. However, we show that S-layer proteins are synthe- sized under conditions where the bacilli are capsulated. We determined the localizations of capsule and S-layer compo- nents and analyzed whether the S-layer is necessary for proper capsulation. Finally, the assembly of the S-layer proteins in a two-dimensional crystal was examined in the presence of the capsule. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasmids, bacterial strains, mating experiments, and culture conditions. The plasmids used to disrupt sap (encoding Sap), eag (encoding EA1), and both genes, i.e., PEA1207, pSAL322, and pSAL303, respectively, were described pre- viously (6, 20) and are listed in Table 1. The construction of B. anthracis CAF10, a pXO2 transductant of plasmidless strain 9131, and its regulation of capsule synthesis have already been reported (8). Escherichia coli JM83 harboring pRK24 was used for mating experiments (34, 35). Allelic exchange was carried out as previously described (26) with the spectinomycin resistance cassette as a selectable marker (24). sap, eag, and both genes were disrupted in CAF10 by heterogramic conjugation, giving CBA91, CSM91, and CSM11, respectively (Ta- ble 1). E. coli cells were grown in Luria broth on agar plates (22). Capsule synthesis was induced by growing B. anthracis cells in brain heart infusion me- dium (Difco Laboratories) in the presence of 0.6% sodium bicarbonate or on CAP plates (28) in a 5% CO₂ atmosphere for electron microscopy. Antibiotics were used at the following concentrations: kanamycin, 40 µg/ml for E. coli; erythromycin, 5 µg/ml for B. anthracis; and spectinomycin, 60 µg/ml for both E. coli and B. anthracis. you w Protein analysis. To test the in vivo expression of EA1 and Sap, the synthesis of antibodies was assayed. The rationale of this experiment is that antibodies are produced only if the antigen is synthesized in vivo. Seven Swiss mice were injected with 106 spores of strain CAF10 and sacrificed after 30 days. Their sera were pooled. The gel loading samples were obtained as follows. B. anthracis cells were harvested at an an optical density at 600 nm of =2. Pellets were washed in 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), sonicated until complete clarification, and resuspended in Laemmli buffer (19). Samples (3 μg of of pellet protein and 20 μl of trichloro- acetic acid-precipitated supernatant protein) were loaded on sodium dodecyl sulfate-10% polyacrylamide gels. Separated proteins were transferred to nitro- cellulose sheets by use of the Bio-Rad Trans-Blot system. The sera were used at 1/200 dilution. Western blots were developed with the ECL Western blotting analysis system (Amersham), with a 1/10,000 dilution of the second antibody.
Transcribed Image Text:The Capsule and S-Layer: Two Independent and Yet Compatible Macromolecular Structures in Bacillus anthracis STÉPHANE MESNAGE,¹ EVELYNE TOSI-COUTURE,² PIERRE GOUNON,² MICHÈLE MOCK,¹ AND AGNES FOUET¹* Toxines et Pathogénie Bactériennes (CNRS URA 1858)¹ and Station Centrale de Microscopie Electronique, ² Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Received 5 September 1997/Accepted 22 October 1997 Bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium. Fully virulent bacilli are toxinogenic and capsulated. Two abundant surface proteins, including the major antigen, are components of the B. anthracis surface layer (S-layer). The B. anthracis paracrystalline S-layer has previously only been found in noncapsulated vegetative cells. Here we report that the S-layer proteins are also synthesized under conditions where the poly-y-D-glutamic acid capsule is present. Structural and immunological analyses show that the capsule is exterior to and completely covers the S-layer proteins. Nevertheless, analysis of single and double S-layer protein mutants shows that the presence of these proteins is not required for normal capsulation of the bacilli. Similarly, the S-layer proteins assemble as a two-dimensional crystal, even in the presence of the capsule. Thus, both structures are compatible, and yet neither is required for the correct formation of the other. Bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium, is the causative agent of anthrax. This disease, to which many animals, including humans, are susceptible, involves toxemia and septicemia. In the mammalian host, B. anthracis bacilli synthesize two toxins (lethal and edema toxins) (31) and a capsule (18) encoded by two large plasmids, pX01 and pXO2, respectively (12, 21). The capsule is composed of poly-y-D- glutamic acid and has antiphagocytic properties (13, 31, 37). Although unusual, a similar capsule is also found on Bacillus licheniformis bacilli (9). In the absence of pXO2 or the inducer bicarbonate, the cell does not produce a capsule and the cell wall appears layered. These layers are composed of fragments displaying a highly patterned ultrastructure (10, 16). This type of cell surface is now referred to as the surface layer (S-layer). S-layers are present on the surfaces of many archaea and bacteria (for reviews, see references 29 and 30). Most are formed by noncovalent, entropy-driven assembly of a single (glyco)protein protomer on the bacterial surface, giving rise to proteinaceous paracrystalline layers. Generally, a single S- layer is present, constituting 5 to 10% of total cell protein. Its synthesis is thus presumably energy consuming for the bacte- rium. Numerous bacteria have S-layers, suggesting that they play important roles in the interaction between the cell and its environment. Various functions have been proposed for S- layers, including shape maintenance and molecular sieving, and they can serve in phage fixation. The S-layer may be a virulence factor, protecting pathogenic bacteria against com- plement killing, facilitating binding of bacteria to host mole- cules, or enhancing their ability to associate with macrophages (for reviews, see references 27 and 29). Some bacteria, such as cyanobacteria or Azotobacter spp., possess both a capsule and an S-layer; however, to our knowl- edge, their structural relationships have not been analyzed through simultaneous genetic and cytologic studies. Both of these features have been independently described for the sur- * Corresponding author. Mailing address: Toxines et Pathogénie Bactériennes, Institut Pasteur, 28, rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. Phone: 33 1 45 68 86 54. Fax: 33 1 45 68 89 54. E-mail: afouet@pasteur.fr. 52 face of the pathogenic bacterium B. anthracis. The components of the B. anthracis S-layer are two abundant surface proteins, EA1 and Sap (6, 20). Previous analyses of the B. anthracis S-layer used plasmid-cured strains; consequently, the interac- tion, if any, between the capsule and the S-layer could not be studied. Temporal or environmental regulation could be such that only one or the other structure is ever present at the cell surface. However, we show that S-layer proteins are synthe- sized under conditions where the bacilli are capsulated. We determined the localizations of capsule and S-layer compo- nents and analyzed whether the S-layer is necessary for proper capsulation. Finally, the assembly of the S-layer proteins in a two-dimensional crystal was examined in the presence of the capsule. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasmids, bacterial strains, mating experiments, and culture conditions. The plasmids used to disrupt sap (encoding Sap), eag (encoding EA1), and both genes, i.e., PEA1207, pSAL322, and pSAL303, respectively, were described pre- viously (6, 20) and are listed in Table 1. The construction of B. anthracis CAF10, a pXO2 transductant of plasmidless strain 9131, and its regulation of capsule synthesis have already been reported (8). Escherichia coli JM83 harboring pRK24 was used for mating experiments (34, 35). Allelic exchange was carried out as previously described (26) with the spectinomycin resistance cassette as a selectable marker (24). sap, eag, and both genes were disrupted in CAF10 by heterogramic conjugation, giving CBA91, CSM91, and CSM11, respectively (Ta- ble 1). E. coli cells were grown in Luria broth on agar plates (22). Capsule synthesis was induced by growing B. anthracis cells in brain heart infusion me- dium (Difco Laboratories) in the presence of 0.6% sodium bicarbonate or on CAP plates (28) in a 5% CO₂ atmosphere for electron microscopy. Antibiotics were used at the following concentrations: kanamycin, 40 µg/ml for E. coli; erythromycin, 5 µg/ml for B. anthracis; and spectinomycin, 60 µg/ml for both E. coli and B. anthracis. you w Protein analysis. To test the in vivo expression of EA1 and Sap, the synthesis of antibodies was assayed. The rationale of this experiment is that antibodies are produced only if the antigen is synthesized in vivo. Seven Swiss mice were injected with 106 spores of strain CAF10 and sacrificed after 30 days. Their sera were pooled. The gel loading samples were obtained as follows. B. anthracis cells were harvested at an an optical density at 600 nm of =2. Pellets were washed in 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), sonicated until complete clarification, and resuspended in Laemmli buffer (19). Samples (3 μg of of pellet protein and 20 μl of trichloro- acetic acid-precipitated supernatant protein) were loaded on sodium dodecyl sulfate-10% polyacrylamide gels. Separated proteins were transferred to nitro- cellulose sheets by use of the Bio-Rad Trans-Blot system. The sera were used at 1/200 dilution. Western blots were developed with the ECL Western blotting analysis system (Amersham), with a 1/10,000 dilution of the second antibody.
VOL. 180, 1998 94 67 43 30 20- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 FIG. 6. In vivo expression of the two B. anthracis S-layer components. Im- munoblotting of pellet fractions (odd-numbered lanes) and supernatant fractions (even-numbered lanes) of S-layers from wild-type (CAF10) (lanes 1 and 2), Asap (CBA91) (lanes 3 and 4), Aeag (CSM91) (lanes 5 and 6), and Aeag Asap (CSM11) (lanes 7 and 8) strains was carried out with pooled sera from mice infected with the CAF10 strain. Molecular masses are indicated in kilodaltons on the left. shown). EA1 and Sap were found to be major surface antigens, showing that both EA1 and Sap can be synthesized by a cap- sulated strain in vivo. DISCUSSION Although various bacteria from natural environments pos- sess both a capsule and an S-layer, their cosynthesis or struc- tural relationship has rarely been studied (15). B. anthracis has a rather unusual capsule: it is composed not of polysaccharide but of poly-y-D-glutamic acid (13). This bac- terium also has an S-layer, previously evidenced only in cap- sule-free strains (10, 16). Another gram-positive bacterium, B. licheniformis, apparently shares these features, namely, a poly- y-D-glutamic acid capsule and an S-layer (9, 33). However, this B. licheniformis strain, in which the S-layer component is very similar to EA1 (20), seems to lack a capsule. We therefore investigated whether these two structures, the capsule and the S-layer, were exclusive. We found that B. anthracis bacilli syn- thesize EA1, Sap, and the capsule both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the capsule and a structured S-layer were found to be simultaneously present on the bacterial surface, the cap- sule covering the S-layer. Thus, B. anthracis displays a highly complex ultrastructural cell wall architecture. The coexistence of the capsule and the S-layer could have indicated a structural dependence. Such was not the case, as the S-layer was found in noncapsulated strains and the capsule was present on the EA1-Sap double deletion mutant. These results further suggest that the capsule is anchored either to the peptidoglycan-containing sacculus or to the cytoplasmic membrane, independently of the S-layer. However, the fine structure of the capsule may depend on the presence of the underlying S-layer: the S-layer may modify the arborescence of the poly-y-D-glutamic acid fibers. That these structures can be independently synthesized and formed does not exclude func- tional interactions. Pathogenic organisms have various strategies to escape host recognition. One such strategy, which is widespread, is anti- genic variation of exposed proteins, including S-layer proteins. For example, in Campylobacter fetus, genetic rearrangements enable the bacterium to change S-layer components (2, 5). The variants can therefore multiply before the antibody response has developed against the new protein. No gene rearrange- ment between the B. anthracis S-layer genes has been observed (data not shown). The absence of immunolabeling on B. an- thracis whole cells (Fig. 4B and D) in the presence of the capsule suggests that the cell surface is inaccessible to antibod- BACILLUS ANTHRACIS CAPSULE AND S-LAYER 57 ies. The presence of anti-EA1 and anti-Sap antibodies in the sera of mice inoculated with strain CAF10 (Fig. 6) indicates that these proteins are synthesized in vivo by the capsulated strain. The presence of these antibodies could be due to the synthesis of these proteins prior to the complete coverage of the surface by the capsule or to leakage or bacterial lysis. Interestingly, the capsule seems to function as a "one-way" filter. EA1 and Sap are not accessible to antibodies from the outside, whereas the three toxin components (protective anti- gen, lethal factor, and edema factor) and Sap are found in culture supernatants of capsulated strains, suggesting that they diffuse from the cell through the capsule to the extracellular medium. The S-layer may have a protective role in the absence of the capsule. It could also be a molecular sieve or could have a still more structural role, delimiting the periplasm, as recently de- scribed for gram-positive bacteria (1, 11). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to A. L. Sonenshein for critical reading of the manuscript. We thank B. Chavinier-Jove and C. Rolin for excellent technical assistance with electron microscopy experiments and photo- graphic prints, respectively. S.M. was supported by the Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche. REFERENCES 1. Beveridge, T. J. 1995. The periplasmic space and the periplasm in gram- positive and gram-negative bacteria. ASM News 61:125-130. 2. Blaser, M. J., E. Wang, M. K. R. Tummuru, R. Washburn, S. Fujimoto, and A. .Labigne. 1994. High frequency S-layer protein variation in Campylobacter fetus revealed by sapA mutagenesis. Mol. Microbiol. 14:521-532. 3. Carlemalm, E., R. M. Garavito, and W. Villiger. 1982. Resin development for electron microscopy and an analysis of embedding at low temperature. J. Microsc. 126:123. 4. Duguid, J. P. 1951. The demonstration of bacterial capsules and slime. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 63:673-685. 5. Dworkin, J., and M. J. Blaser. 1997. Nested DNA inversion as a paradigm of programmed gene rearrangement. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:985-990. 6. Etienne-Toumelin, I., J.-C. Sirard, E. Duflot, M. Mock, and A. Fouet. 1995. Characterization of the Bacillus anthracis S-layer: cloning and sequencing of the structural gene. J. Bacteriol. 177:614-620. 7. Farchaus, J. W., W. J. Ribot, M. B. Downs, and J. W. Ezzell. 1995. Purifi- cation and characterization of the major surface array protein from the avirulent Bacillus anthracis Delta Sterne-1. J. Bacteriol. 177:2481-2489. 8. Fouet, A., and M. Mock. 1996. Differential influence of the two Bacillus anthracis plasmids on regulation of virulence gene expression. Infect. Im- mun. 64:4928-4932. 9. Gardner, J. M., and F. A. Troy. 1979. Chemistry and biosynthesis of the poly (y-D-glutamyl) capsule in Bacillus licheniformis. Activation, racemization, and polymerization of glutamic acid by a membranous polyglutamyl syn- thetase complex. J. Biol. Chem. 254:6262-6269. 10. Gerhardt, P. 1967. Cytology of Bacillus anthracis. Fed. Proc. 26:1504-1517. 11. Graham, .L., T. J. Beveridge, and N. Nanninga. 1991. Periplasmic space and the concept of periplasm. Trends Biochem. Sci. 16:328-329. 12. Green, B. D., L. Battisti, T. M. Koehler, C. B. Thorne, and B. E. Ivins. 1985. Demonstration of a capsule plasmid in Bacillus anthracis. Infect. Immun. 49:291-297. 13. Hanby, W. E., and H. N. Rydon. 1946. The capsular substance of Bacillus anthracis. Biochem. J. 40:297-309. 14. Hayat, M. A. 1981. Fixation for electron microscopy, p. 110-111. Academic Press, Inc., New York, N.Y. 15. Hoiczyk, E., and W. Baumeister. 1995. Envelope structure of four gliding filamentous cyanobacteria. J. Bacteriol. 177:2387-2395. 16. Holt, S. C., and E. R. Leadbetter. 1969. Comparative ultrastructure of se- lected aerobic spore-forming bacteria: a freeze-etching study. Bacteriol. Rev. 33:346-378. 17. Karnovsky, M. J. 1965. A formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative of high os- molarity for use in electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 27:137A. 18. Keppie, J., H. Smith, and P. W. Harris-Smith. 1953. The chemical basis of the virulence of Bacillus anthracis. II. Some biological properties of bacterial products. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 34:486-496. 19. Laemmli, U. K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680-685. 20. Mesnage, S., E. Tosi-Couture, M. Mock, P. Gounon, and A. Fouet. 1997. Molecular characterization of the Bacillus anthracis main S-layer compo-
Transcribed Image Text:VOL. 180, 1998 94 67 43 30 20- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 FIG. 6. In vivo expression of the two B. anthracis S-layer components. Im- munoblotting of pellet fractions (odd-numbered lanes) and supernatant fractions (even-numbered lanes) of S-layers from wild-type (CAF10) (lanes 1 and 2), Asap (CBA91) (lanes 3 and 4), Aeag (CSM91) (lanes 5 and 6), and Aeag Asap (CSM11) (lanes 7 and 8) strains was carried out with pooled sera from mice infected with the CAF10 strain. Molecular masses are indicated in kilodaltons on the left. shown). EA1 and Sap were found to be major surface antigens, showing that both EA1 and Sap can be synthesized by a cap- sulated strain in vivo. DISCUSSION Although various bacteria from natural environments pos- sess both a capsule and an S-layer, their cosynthesis or struc- tural relationship has rarely been studied (15). B. anthracis has a rather unusual capsule: it is composed not of polysaccharide but of poly-y-D-glutamic acid (13). This bac- terium also has an S-layer, previously evidenced only in cap- sule-free strains (10, 16). Another gram-positive bacterium, B. licheniformis, apparently shares these features, namely, a poly- y-D-glutamic acid capsule and an S-layer (9, 33). However, this B. licheniformis strain, in which the S-layer component is very similar to EA1 (20), seems to lack a capsule. We therefore investigated whether these two structures, the capsule and the S-layer, were exclusive. We found that B. anthracis bacilli syn- thesize EA1, Sap, and the capsule both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the capsule and a structured S-layer were found to be simultaneously present on the bacterial surface, the cap- sule covering the S-layer. Thus, B. anthracis displays a highly complex ultrastructural cell wall architecture. The coexistence of the capsule and the S-layer could have indicated a structural dependence. Such was not the case, as the S-layer was found in noncapsulated strains and the capsule was present on the EA1-Sap double deletion mutant. These results further suggest that the capsule is anchored either to the peptidoglycan-containing sacculus or to the cytoplasmic membrane, independently of the S-layer. However, the fine structure of the capsule may depend on the presence of the underlying S-layer: the S-layer may modify the arborescence of the poly-y-D-glutamic acid fibers. That these structures can be independently synthesized and formed does not exclude func- tional interactions. Pathogenic organisms have various strategies to escape host recognition. One such strategy, which is widespread, is anti- genic variation of exposed proteins, including S-layer proteins. For example, in Campylobacter fetus, genetic rearrangements enable the bacterium to change S-layer components (2, 5). The variants can therefore multiply before the antibody response has developed against the new protein. No gene rearrange- ment between the B. anthracis S-layer genes has been observed (data not shown). The absence of immunolabeling on B. an- thracis whole cells (Fig. 4B and D) in the presence of the capsule suggests that the cell surface is inaccessible to antibod- BACILLUS ANTHRACIS CAPSULE AND S-LAYER 57 ies. The presence of anti-EA1 and anti-Sap antibodies in the sera of mice inoculated with strain CAF10 (Fig. 6) indicates that these proteins are synthesized in vivo by the capsulated strain. The presence of these antibodies could be due to the synthesis of these proteins prior to the complete coverage of the surface by the capsule or to leakage or bacterial lysis. Interestingly, the capsule seems to function as a "one-way" filter. EA1 and Sap are not accessible to antibodies from the outside, whereas the three toxin components (protective anti- gen, lethal factor, and edema factor) and Sap are found in culture supernatants of capsulated strains, suggesting that they diffuse from the cell through the capsule to the extracellular medium. The S-layer may have a protective role in the absence of the capsule. It could also be a molecular sieve or could have a still more structural role, delimiting the periplasm, as recently de- scribed for gram-positive bacteria (1, 11). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to A. L. Sonenshein for critical reading of the manuscript. We thank B. Chavinier-Jove and C. Rolin for excellent technical assistance with electron microscopy experiments and photo- graphic prints, respectively. S.M. was supported by the Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche. REFERENCES 1. Beveridge, T. J. 1995. The periplasmic space and the periplasm in gram- positive and gram-negative bacteria. ASM News 61:125-130. 2. Blaser, M. J., E. Wang, M. K. R. Tummuru, R. Washburn, S. Fujimoto, and A. .Labigne. 1994. High frequency S-layer protein variation in Campylobacter fetus revealed by sapA mutagenesis. Mol. Microbiol. 14:521-532. 3. Carlemalm, E., R. M. Garavito, and W. Villiger. 1982. Resin development for electron microscopy and an analysis of embedding at low temperature. J. Microsc. 126:123. 4. Duguid, J. P. 1951. The demonstration of bacterial capsules and slime. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 63:673-685. 5. Dworkin, J., and M. J. Blaser. 1997. Nested DNA inversion as a paradigm of programmed gene rearrangement. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:985-990. 6. Etienne-Toumelin, I., J.-C. Sirard, E. Duflot, M. Mock, and A. Fouet. 1995. Characterization of the Bacillus anthracis S-layer: cloning and sequencing of the structural gene. J. Bacteriol. 177:614-620. 7. Farchaus, J. W., W. J. Ribot, M. B. Downs, and J. W. Ezzell. 1995. Purifi- cation and characterization of the major surface array protein from the avirulent Bacillus anthracis Delta Sterne-1. J. Bacteriol. 177:2481-2489. 8. Fouet, A., and M. Mock. 1996. Differential influence of the two Bacillus anthracis plasmids on regulation of virulence gene expression. Infect. Im- mun. 64:4928-4932. 9. Gardner, J. M., and F. A. Troy. 1979. Chemistry and biosynthesis of the poly (y-D-glutamyl) capsule in Bacillus licheniformis. Activation, racemization, and polymerization of glutamic acid by a membranous polyglutamyl syn- thetase complex. J. Biol. Chem. 254:6262-6269. 10. Gerhardt, P. 1967. Cytology of Bacillus anthracis. Fed. Proc. 26:1504-1517. 11. Graham, .L., T. J. Beveridge, and N. Nanninga. 1991. Periplasmic space and the concept of periplasm. Trends Biochem. Sci. 16:328-329. 12. Green, B. D., L. Battisti, T. M. Koehler, C. B. Thorne, and B. E. Ivins. 1985. Demonstration of a capsule plasmid in Bacillus anthracis. Infect. Immun. 49:291-297. 13. Hanby, W. E., and H. N. Rydon. 1946. The capsular substance of Bacillus anthracis. Biochem. J. 40:297-309. 14. Hayat, M. A. 1981. Fixation for electron microscopy, p. 110-111. Academic Press, Inc., New York, N.Y. 15. Hoiczyk, E., and W. Baumeister. 1995. Envelope structure of four gliding filamentous cyanobacteria. J. Bacteriol. 177:2387-2395. 16. Holt, S. C., and E. R. Leadbetter. 1969. Comparative ultrastructure of se- lected aerobic spore-forming bacteria: a freeze-etching study. Bacteriol. Rev. 33:346-378. 17. Karnovsky, M. J. 1965. A formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative of high os- molarity for use in electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 27:137A. 18. Keppie, J., H. Smith, and P. W. Harris-Smith. 1953. The chemical basis of the virulence of Bacillus anthracis. II. Some biological properties of bacterial products. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 34:486-496. 19. Laemmli, U. K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680-685. 20. Mesnage, S., E. Tosi-Couture, M. Mock, P. Gounon, and A. Fouet. 1997. Molecular characterization of the Bacillus anthracis main S-layer compo-
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