Q: What enzyme converts ATP to ADP?
A: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is considered to be the energy currency of all cells produced by…
Q: How much free energy is released when ATP is converted toADP + Pior when AMP is converted to…
A: ATP is known as adenosine triphosphate and is the energy currency of the cell. It is composed of…
Q: What are the assumptions made during the calculation of net gain of ATP?
A: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that is defined as the energy currency of life and…
Q: Why is the removal of the third phosphate group from ATP highly exergonic?
A: Exergonic reactions are spontaneous reactions where the release of free energy takes place. and the…
Q: How many carbons from 13 original glucose molecules enter the Krebs cycle in the absence of oxygen?
A: Question - How many carbons from 13 original glucose molecules enter the Krebs cycle in the absence…
Q: A glucose-fed yeast cell is moved from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic one. For the cell to…
A: An organic substance that supplies energy to all body cells to carry out biological functions is…
Q: What causes the rotation of the γ subunit of the ATP synthase? Howdoes this rotation promote ATP…
A: ATP synthase complexes are an essential component of the cell that are responsible for the proton…
Q: How many protons are required to synthesize one ATP by F1F0-ATPase containing (a) 10 or (b) 15 c…
A: ATP synthase is an enzyme required for the synthesis of ATP. It is located in the F1 or head piece…
Q: Which condition, aerobic or anaerobic, yields more energy (ATP) ?Why do you think this is ?
A: Respiration It is amphibolic and exergonic cellular process. Multistep enzymatic process. Metabolic…
Q: What are high-energy phosphates? Explain the statement that “ATP is the universal energy donor.”
A: A biological cell is a hub of metabolic activities. Several biochemical reactions occur in a cell…
Q: Define what is Na+/K+‑ATPase (NKA)
A: Jens Christian Skou, a Danish scientist who was awarded the 1997 Nobel Prize for his efforts,…
Q: Consider a 24:1 △cis-9 fatty acid in the mitochondrion. For each fatty acid given, determine the…
A: Fatty acids are (-COOH)carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon chains from 4 to 36 carbon long. These can…
Q: To reduce six molecules of carbon dioxide to one molecule of glucose via photosynthesis, how many…
A: To reduce six molecules of carbon dioxide to one molecule of glucose via photosynthesis 18 ATP and…
Q: Why does the Krebs cycle operate only under aerobic conditionseven though it does not use molecular…
A: Respiration is the important chemical process that occurs in all living organisms including animals…
Q: What are the usual ionic forms of ATP and ADP in typical cells? Does this information have any…
A: Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway of the process of metabolism, where a series of chemical…
Q: What happens in the electron transport chain and why is this process called chemiosmosis?
A: Metabolism is the arrangement of life-supporting synthetic responses in living beings. The three…
Q: Is Sodium Phosphate A Competitive Or Noncompetitive Inhibitor Of Alkaline Phosphatase?
A: Enzyme is a biocatalyst. It speeds up biochemical reactions. It is mostly protein based though some…
Q: What is the ionization state of phosphoric acid in the cytoplasm? Why is phosphoric acid such a…
A: Phosphoric acid is a phosphorus-containing inorganic acid that is colorless and odorless. Phosphoric…
Q: What is the effect of dinitrophenol on ATP formation by mitochondria?
A: Cell is the smallest structural and, functional unit of life. It is simple machinery that houses all…
Q: why NADH yields more ATP than FADH2 does?
A: * Krebs cycle is also called as citric acid cycle and also called as tricarboxylic acid cycle is a…
Q: describes the process in the equation ATP+ H2O—->AMP+PP?
A: Introduction Adenosine Triphosphate is an energy-providing molecule used in driving almost all kinds…
Q: What are the reasons why the number of ATP produced by cellular respiration is not known exactly?
A: Theoretically, the number of ATP molecules produced by cellular respiration is 38. However, the…
Q: When ADP is converted into ATP, does it undergo an endergonic reaction?
A: ATP molecule is the energy source for various cells to carry out different function. ATP under goes…
Q: How many ATP equivalents would be generated or used by the metabolism of butanoic acid to carbon…
A: Carbohydrates are the chief source of energy in the body. Glucose is the simplest and major…
Q: Why does mitochondrial NADH yields more ATPs than cytosolic NADH?
A: NADH is also called a reduced compound. NADH molecules are generated inside the cell through…
Q: Why is phosphofructokinase rather than hexokinase the pacemaker of glycolysis?
A: The enzyme phosphofructokinase is an important regulatory site of the glycolytic pathway where it…
Q: What is the process by which cells generate ATP through a series of redox (chemical) reactions…
A: ATP synthesis takes place primarily in the mitochondria of eukaryotic species. Cellular respiration…
Q: How many ATP are produced from the complete degradation of G3P using glycerol- three phosphate…
A: The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is a mechanism that regenerates NAD+ from NADH that is a by-product…
Q: How many ATP will be produced in an oxidative level phosphorylation of a molecule of glucose in a…
A: Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the mitochondria of all animal and plant tissues, and it is…
Q: Explain why some of the molecules are positioned away from the diagonal in the graph given below.…
A: Answer- There are many differnet types of proteins that are present in the plasma membrane and act…
Q: Cells can generate as many as 36 to 38 molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the metabolism…
A: Cellular Respiration is the oxidative process through which glucose obtained from food is broken…
Q: how many atp can a palmitic acid yield from nadh?
A: A fatty acid is made up of a straight chain of an even number of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms…
Q: Which of the following organs does glycolysis occur in an anaerobic environment?* a.Liver b.Brain…
A: The glycolytic pathway metabolizes the glucose molecules to produce energy. The glycolytic pathway…
Q: What is required for the Krebs cycle to proceed?
A: Introduction The citric acid cycle (CAC) – also known as the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) or…
Q: Why might the atpS mutant grow so slowly?
A: atpS mutant means it this bacteria does not have ATP synthase enzymes that helps in ATP production…
Q: What causes the c subunits of ATP synthase to rotate? What determines the direction of rotation?
A: As the Y and subunits are initially attached to the C subunit, the rotation of the ankal stalk is…
Q: An enzyme catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate ion. What is its effect on the rate…
A: Introduction: Those substances that enhance the chemical reaction without undergoing any change to…
Q: Complete the following reactions: NADH, H+ oxidoreductase O2 oxidoreductase
A: Introduction This reaction is involved in the linolenic acid metabolism in the presence of…
Q: Is ATPase a phosphatase? Both ATPase and phosphatases remove phosphate groups.
A: * ATPase also called 3, Adenosine 5'-TriPhosphatase are a class of enzymes which catalyze the…
Q: What do ATP and ADP mean? What are the roles of these molecules for the cellular energetic…
A: The food we eat provides us nutrients. Some nutrients serve as energy-giving nutrients and provide…
Q: How many ATP (of 1 mole glucose) are produced in the 2nd phase of glycolysis?
A: Glycolysis is carried out in all cells that involve a series of ten reactions and they are similar…
Q: what kind of catalysis is the oxygen on Ser 195 participating in?
A: Enzymes catalyze (i.e. speed up) chemical reactions occurring in the body. Most enzymes are proteins…
Q: In an erythrocyte undergoing glycolysis, what would happen if there is a sudden increase in the…
A: AMP Adenosine Monophosphate a molecule that contains single phosphate group. AMP combine with two…
Q: How many ATP are produced when 3 moles of FADH2 enter the electron transport chain?
A: The electron transport chain is a set of four protein molecules that link redox processes to create…
Q: Why are estimates of ATP production from cellular respiration provided in terms of a range (30-32,…
A: Adenosine triphosphates (ATP) are complex organic molecules that act as high energy compounds. They…
Q: Why are ATPases hydrolases? Aren’t they also transferases as they move the phosphate group onto the…
A: Hydrolases: it is a group of enzymes which required the water molecules for the break down of…
Why is the Na/K is also called Na/K ATPase?
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- Sodium fluoroacetate (FH2CCOO- Na+) is highly toxic. Patients with fluoroacetate poisoning accumulate citrate and fluorocitrate in their cells. Which enzyme is inhibited by fluoroacetate for this to occur? Explain.Why is cytosolic K+ highly concentrated when the extracellular K+ concentration is low even though K+ flow freely through leak channels?What is the source of Inositol trisphosphate (IP3)?
- 2.1 The Na"/K pump is constantly working to push sodium out and potassium into the cell. What role does ATP play in the working of this pump?Using the Nernst equation, calculate the equilibrium potential for Ca2 and for C1 from the following sets of data: a. Given [ Ca2+ ]0=1mM,[ Ca2+ ]i=100nM, find Eca2+ b. Given [ Cl- ]0=110mM,[ Cl- ]i=100mM, find EclEthylene glycol (HO−CH2−CH2−OH) is a major component of antifreeze. In the body, it is first converted to HOOC−CHO (oxoethanoic acid) and then to HOOC−COOH (oxalic acid), which is toxic. What class of enzyme catalyzes both of the reactions of ethylene glycol? The treatment for the ingestion of ethylene glycol is an intravenous solution of ethanol. How might this help prevent toxic levels of oxalic acid in the body?
- Designate the reactions catalyzed by the following enzymes:a. aldolaseb. enolasec. hexokinased. amylo-a(1,6)-glucosidasee. phosphoglucomutaseWhat is the ionization state of phosphoric acid in the cytoplasm? Why is phosphoric acid such a physiologically important compound?Human blood serum contains a class of enzymes known as acid phosphatases, whichhydrolyze biological phosphate esters under slightly acidic conditions (pH 5.0): Acidphosphatases are produced by erythrocytes, the liver, kidney, spleen, and prostate gland. The enzyme of the prostate gland is clinically important, because its increased activity in the bloodcan be an indication of prostate cancer. The phosphatase from the prostate gland is stronglyinhibited by tartrate ion, but acid phosphatases from other tissues are not. How can thisinformation be used to develop a specific procedure for measuring the activity of the acidphosphatase of the prostate gland in human blood serum?
- There is another class of aldolase enzymes known as Class II. These enzymes are found in fungi, algae, and some bacteria. This class differs for Class I in that these enzymes do not have a Lys residue associated with their active sites, but contain a divalent cation (usually Zn2+ or Fe2+) in the active site. Outline a possible mechanism for a Class II aldolase and explain the function of the metal ion in the reaction.What oxidizes fadh2?Two ions produced during catabolism of glutamine. Choose Answer from the following Table