why is clonal deletion so important? how does it differ from clonal selection

Q: What are the components of innate immunity?

A: The innate immune system comprises of the barriers that aids to keep viruses, bacteria and other…

Q: Suppose a gain-of-function mutation happens in an oncogene. Which of the following changes is likely…

A: Cancer causing gene is known as oncogenes and its an abnormal active gene which promotes growth of…

Q: What is a regenerative FGD process?

A: Flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) is a set of technologies that is used to remove sulfur dioxide from…

Q: What are chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) ?

A: The patient with impairment or dysfunction of the immune cells is aided clinically by a process…

Q: Vhy is inactivity a primary risk factor for many different diseases?

A: Physical inactivity or being inactive is the point at which you don't move your body for significant…

Q: Which of the following is part of the T-cell clonal deletion process? a) T-cells are eliminated if…

A: T cell clonal deletion means deletion of B & T cells through the process of Apoptosis ( program…

Q: What are the functions of CD4 and CD8 proteins on the surface of T cells?

A: T cells are the lymphocytes mainly responsible for the cell-mediated immune response of adaptive…

Q: What is meant by clonal selection?

A: Clonal Selection is a theory of immunology that explains the function of lymphocytes or other cells…

Q: What is T-cell receptor (TCR) ? How it works ?

A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…

Q: How is electrochemical immunosensors can treat cancer ? What is the role of electrochemical…

A: Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the…

Q: Why genetic differences account for resistance to certain diseases ?

A: Genetic resistance may be defined as the acquisition of genetic variation that leads to the…

Q: In clonal selection, “who” does the selecting? What is being selected?

A: Immunology is an important branch of biology which include the study of immunity of different…

Q: What is Autoimmune theory ?

A: The immune system is an essential body system that is composed of special cells, proteins, tissues…

Q: Alpha-1 antitrypsin has codominant inheritance. M genes express normal levels. S and Z genes have…

A: Emphysema is caused by deficiency in Alpha 1 antitrypsin.This disorder causes lung diseases and…

Q: Why Somatic Hyper Mutation takes place in B-Cells only and not in T-Cells?

A: Mechanism by which the immune system adapts to new foreign elements during class switching involving…

Q: What is the difference between predominant and subordinate monoclonal genes? Note the different…

A: The genes of an individual do not operate isolated from one another, but obviously are functioning…

Q: What is meant by autoimmunity? b) Why are chemotherapy drugs sometimes used to treat autoimmune…

A: Autoimmunity is a misguided immunological response that develops when the immune system malfunctions…

Q: Where is the CD4 receptor?  What is it’s role in the immune response? (provide details – innate vs…

A: The human immune system is made up of the ancient innate immune system that originated from…

Q: What role does p53 signaling play in normal cells?

A: p53 is a tumor suppressor protein that plays a crucial role in maintaining the genomic stability of…

Q: How is a corepressor different from an inducer? How is it similar?

A: A gene is a DNA-based functional heredity unit that delivers instructions for the production of RNA…

Q: How does a single MHC protein present many differentpeptides to T cells?

A: To identify foreign substance or infectious agents a group of cell surface proteins plays vital role…

Q: what is a “cytokine storm”?

A: The term "cytokine" is made up of two terms - cyto meaning cell and kine meaning signaling.…

Q: What is the relationship between self-tolerance and clonal deletion?

A: The B and T lymphocytes have specific receptors on their surfaces. In B lymphocytes, this receptor…

Q: In what ways can cancer be both a cause and a symptom ofimmunodeficiency?

A: Cancer is the condition of unchecked growth of cells, which are damaged and dysfunctional, and cause…

Q: What is the function of FAD/FADH2 in cells?

A: Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD): FAD is derived from vitamin B12. It is a two-electron oxidizing…

Q: What are chimeric antigen receptors, and how are they constructed?

A: Receptors are the cell surface or intracellular molecules to which a ligand binds.

Q: What is the reason behind antibody diversity?

A: Antibody Antibodies are the molecules (Y-shaped structures) which are produced by the immune system…

Q: List the two important features of clonal selection.

A: Clones are the group of cells or organisms that are genetically similar and derived from the same…

Q: ) A) List 15 drugs (monoclonal antibodies can be used) used clinically to treat cancer in humans.…

A: Monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy is now considered to be the main component of cancer…

Genetic Recombination

Recombination is crucial to this process because it allows genes to be reassorted into diverse combinations. Genetic recombination is the process of combining genetic components from two different origins into a single unit. In prokaryotes, genetic recombination takes place by the unilateral transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid. It includes transduction, transformation, and conjugation. The genetic exchange occurring between homologous deoxyribonucleic acid sequences (DNA) from two different sources is termed general recombination. For this to happen, an identical sequence of the two recombining molecules is required. The process of genetic exchange which occurs in eukaryotes during sexual reproduction such as meiosis is an example of this type of genetic recombination.

Microbial Genetics

Genes are the functional units of heredity. They transfer characteristic information from parents to the offspring.