Why is calibration of instruments important in the engineering field? Why is calibration of instruments important in the engineering field

Subject name: Theory and design for Mechanical measurements

1. Since experimentations are always subject to errors, what techniques are employed to neutralize the effects of these errors in the accuracy and validity of the experiment? 2. Why is the "factorial experiment" better in any way than a "one-factor-at-a-time" approach? 3. True or False: As soon as the experimental data (measurements) are obtained, the experimenter can already proceed with the usual significance testing. Explain. 4. What is "hypothesis testing"? How is it performed? 5.What makes ANOVA a powerful tool in hypothesis testing? What happens if you use a 2k full Factorial design to explore a set of variables which is known to have a non-linear response? 6. When is the addition of center points to a 2k full factorial design beneficial? Give a particular case that warrants its use. 7. In practical terms, explain how a LOW p-value connote SIGNIFICANCE (Recall that the smaller the p-value is, the more significant the factor becomes)?

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The shear modulus, G, of a material can be determined by applying a torque, T, on a cylindrical material specimen and measuring the angular twist, 0. The modulus can then be calculated from: G the specimen radius and length, respectively, The relative uncertainty in each measured variable (L. T, t. 0. R) is + 3.7% 3LT where R and L are %3D 2 Ree What is the total relative uncertainty in G?

List the procedure for mathematical models for engineering processes in the correct order. Rank the options below. The problem is formulated mathematically. Reasonable assumptions and approximations are made. The problem is solved using an appropriate approach, and the results are interpreted. The relevant physical laws and principles are invoked. The Interdependence of the variables is studied. All the variables that affect the phenomena are identified. ▸

A student measures a quantity many times and calculates his mean as µ = 23 and his standard deviation as σ = 1. (a) What fraction of his readings would you expect to find between: (i) 22 and 24? (ii) 22.5 and 23.5? (iii) 20 and 25? (iv) 24 and 25? (b) What is the probability that some of his measurements will be less than 20.6?

We wish to measure a characteristic of a machined part whose nominal size is 50 mm at 20 °C. For this, two different instruments are used; an analog micrometer and a digital vernier caliper, both recently calibrated and with the same resolution (0.01 mm). The calibration certificate data of the analog micrometer and the digital vernier are shown in tables 5 and 6 respectively. In both cases the calibration uncertainty does not include the contribution of resolution uncertainty. Additionally, there are drift studies for both instruments and it is established that the drift of the micrometer is ± 0.002 mm while the drift of the vernier is ± 0.02 mm.   The same number of measurements were performed with both instruments to avoid repeatability biases under controlled environmental conditions. Table 7 shows the results of the measurements of both instruments. The temperature of the piece was monitored with a digital thermometer whose calibration uncertainty is 0.1 °C, which already includes…

Describe the extent to which your data indicate that mechanical energy is conserved. Consider the percentage differences in the energy changes in Data Table 2 and Data Table 3 in youranswer.

Some international (e.g., ISO) standards become national standards. Give one example, citing the original standard and its national counterpart.