Why, in your opinion, do we need more checking techniques at the transport layer when the data connection layer is capable of detecting errors between hops?
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Why, in your opinion, do we need more checking techniques at the transport layer when the data connection layer is capable of detecting errors between hops?
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- Why, in your opinion, do we need more checking techniques at the transport layer when the data connection layer is capable of detecting errors between hops?Given that the data connection layer is capable of detecting mistakes between hops, why do you believe that we need an additional checking mechanism at the transport layer?Suppose a switch is built using a computer workstation and that it can forward packets at a rate of 500,000 packets per second, regardless (within limits) of size. Assume the workstation uses direct memory access (DMA) to move data in and out of its main memory, which has a bandwidth of 2 Gbps, and that the I/O bus has a bandwidth of 1 Gbps. At what packet size would the bus bandwidth become the limiting factor?
- The minimum number of columns in a datagram network is two; the minimum number of columns in a virtual-circuit network is four. Can you explain the reason? Is the difference related to the type of addresses carried in the packets of each network?Explain the protocol's route across each OSI layer.A 4480-octet datagram is to be transmitted and needs to be fragmented because it will pass through an Ethernet with a maximum payload of 1500 octets. Show the Total Length, More Flag, and Fragment Offset values in each of the resulting fragments.
- Assume that a reliable delivery of data from a machine M1 to another machine M2 is provided through many intermediate machines. All the intermediate links of these machines are not prone to error such as that in the case of present day wired networks. What layer or layers (transport, network, or data link layer) one will choose to provide reliability? What layer or layers one will choose to not provide reliability? Justify with explanation for both affirmative and negative selections.The minimum number of columns in a datagram network is two; the minimumnumber of columns in a virtual-circuit network is four. Can you explain thereason? Is the difference related to the type of addresses carried in the packetsof each network?Which issues with the router's layer 2 protocol have been found up to this point? In what ways does this new information have an impact? Why does the ICMP request of a PPP-encapsulated router continue to function after the subnet of the serial interface has been changed?
- 1. Mention the protocols over which the protocol is encapsulated, to which layer ARP belongs. 2. What is the Target's Hardware Address = a8:9f:ec:bb:78:f0 in the frame and what is the Destination Address = a8:9f:ec:bb:78:f0 in the ARP request packet? Why? 3. Mention the protocol over which the ICMP protocol is encapsulated. - Explain a little in the answersThe term synchronization has many meanings in Computer Science. Within the networking field, the term is usually used to describe making asynchronous communication synchronous (A coordination of activities; running at the same rate) We see synchronization occurring in different layers, but we are mostly concerned with the physical layer and the data link layer (L1 and L2). a) In what ways is synchronization in these two layers similar? b) In what ways is synchronization in these two layers dissimilar?Suppose, through the Data link layer a message is passing from Sender to Receiver. That message contains 6 bit. During message passing- 2nd, 5th and 6th bit contains bad checksum. Now calculate the total time for that message's successfully transfer.
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