Why does liquid water have a higher specific heat than ice or water vapor?     a Liquid water is more dense than ice. For that reason, there are more particles to heat in the same volume of water than there are in ice.   b In liquid water, energy is required to break hydrogen bonds and also to increase the kinetic energy of water particles.   c In liquid water, energy is required to form covalent bonds. Water then turns into H2 and O2 gas, which is water vapor.   d Liquid water reacts more easily with the environment, so it gives off heat more readily than ice or water vapor.

Chemistry
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Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
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Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
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6. Why does liquid water have a higher specific heat than ice or water vapor?

 
 
  • a Liquid water is more dense than ice. For that reason, there are more particles to heat in the same volume of water than there are in ice.
     
  • b In liquid water, energy is required to break hydrogen bonds and also to increase the kinetic energy of water particles.
     
  • c In liquid water, energy is required to form covalent bonds. Water then turns into H2 and O2 gas, which is water vapor.
     
  • d Liquid water reacts more easily with the environment, so it gives off heat more readily than ice or water vapor.
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