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Why did sodium levels, in the blood, drop to 126 mEq/L? Explain in detail why the sodium levels are low.
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- Glucose is normally 100% reabsorbed, such that no glucose is excreted in the urine. Explain why a person with diabetes and a blood glucose level of 450 mg/dL will have glucose excreted in his urine.Given: A patient’s GFR (glomerular filtration rate) is 125 ml/min, and his urine is produced at a rate of 1.25 ml/min. (A) By what factor is the inulin concentrate in his urine. (B) The concentration of glucose in his plasma is 5 mmol/l. His renal reabsorption of glucose is completely inhibited. What would be the concentration of glucose in his urine? (answer parts a and b)Explain the mechanism how furosemide affects kidney tubules. How does this affect K+ balance? How different is the mechanism of thiazide affect urine production? Describe the process of acid-base regulation in human body.
- A 68-year-old lady with bowel cancer who had been admitted to hospital following a fall had a persistent low plasma sodium including the following plasma results (refer- ence ranges are given in brackets): Sodium Potassium Urea Creatinine Glucose Osmolality 120 mmol/L 3.9 mmol/L 3.4 mmol/L 53 μmol/L 5.2 mmol/L 255 mOsm/kg (135-145) (3.5-5.0) (3.5-6.6) (70-150) (3.5-5.5) (285-305) In this patient, the urine volume was low and relatively concentrated, the urine osmo- lality was 374 mOsm/kg and its sodium concentration was 75 mmol/L. Comment on these results.Renin is secreted in response to hypovolemia or to an increase in the osmolality of the blood. Provide three possible mechanisms by which these conditions may stimulate rennin secretion. What are the consequences of increased rennin secretion that lead to increased aldosterone secretion? Present this sequence of events. Why are angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) used as a common therapy for hypertension? How do they influence blood pressure? Are plasma levels of renin elevated or depressed in a patient with Conn’s disease? Why?Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a condition where the action of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) is inhibited. If normal urine concentration is 300 mOsm/L, what would you expect the urine concentration to be of a patient with DI?
- Why did the calcium levels in the blood drop to 7.1mg/dl? Explain in detail the drop in calcium levels.Insulin and aldosterone play an essential role in the regulation of potassium distribution between the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. Discuss the effect of a deficiency in these two hormones on internal potassium distribution1.8 Which of the following is likely to cause the kidney to change the reabsorption of water and/or NaCl? Select one: a. Drinking 1 L of water in a short period of time. (Assume that you weren't dehydrated.) b. Eating a big bag of salty potato chips. c. Forgetting to drink water all day. d. Exercising vigorously in a very hot environment. e. All of the above
- A 5% dextrose is isoosmotic to plasma. What effect would infusion of 1L of a 5% dextrose solution have on ECF and ICF volumes? How it would affect body fluid osmolality of a 70 kg individual and why?Of the following solutes, which ones are least likely to be found in the urine of a healthy person: erythrocytes, glucose, sodium ions, and/or hydrogen ions? Explain why you normally wouldn’t expect to find this (these) solute(s) in the urine.Consider the effect of a twofold increase in the ECF concentration of Na+ or K+ ions. Which increase in ion concentration is the more deadly and why?