Electronic Effects
The effect of electrons that are located in the chemical bonds within the atoms of the molecule is termed an electronic effect. The electronic effect is also explained as the effect through which the reactivity of the compound in one portion is controlled by the electron repulsion or attraction producing in another portion of the molecule.
Drawing Resonance Forms
In organic chemistry, resonance may be a mental exercise that illustrates the delocalization of electrons inside molecules within the valence bond theory of octet bonding. It entails creating several Lewis structures that, when combined, reflect the molecule's entire electronic structure. One Lewis diagram cannot explain the bonding (lone pair, double bond, octet) elaborately. A hybrid describes a combination of possible resonance structures that represents the entire delocalization of electrons within the molecule.
Using Molecular Structure To Predict Equilibrium
Equilibrium does not always imply an equal presence of reactants and products. This signifies that the reaction reaches a point when reactant and product quantities remain constant as the rate of forward and backward reaction is the same. Molecular structures of various compounds can help in predicting equilibrium.
Which of the following structures (a-d) is another resonance structure of the following
organic molecule?
![This image depicts four different Lewis structures representing various resonance forms of the acetamide ion. Each structure is labeled with a letter: a), b), c), and d).
a) Structure a) shows a carbon atom double-bonded to a nitrogen atom and bonded to two hydrogen atoms and an OH group. The oxygen has two lone pairs of electrons, and the nitrogen has one lone pair, indicating a neutral resonance form.
b) Structure b) shows a similar arrangement, but the oxygen atom carries a negative charge with three lone pairs, and the nitrogen atom carries a positive charge, with no lone pairs. This represents a resonance form with charge separation.
c) Structure c) presents the carbon atom double-bonded to the nitrogen. The oxygen atom has two lone pairs and a positive charge, while the nitrogen has a lone pair and a negative charge. This configuration also indicates a resonance form with charge separation.
d) Structure d) displays the carbon atom double-bonded to oxygen and single-bonded to a nitrogen and two hydrogen atoms. The oxygen has three lone pairs, bearing a negative charge, while the nitrogen is positively charged with one lone pair. This is another resonance form with charge separation.
These diagrams illustrate how electrons can be redistributed among atoms in a molecule to form different viable resonance structures, which help depict the delocalization of electrons within the molecule.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F2950fafb-198b-44f1-a559-ce3dae66bd5f%2Ff4e63c29-4e59-4fab-a8eb-b5985dbefe98%2F95fhwc6_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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