Basics in Organic Reactions Mechanisms
In organic chemistry, the mechanism of an organic reaction is defined as a complete step-by-step explanation of how a reaction of organic compounds happens. A completely detailed mechanism would relate the first structure of the reactants with the last structure of the products and would represent changes in structure and energy all through the reaction step.
Heterolytic Bond Breaking
Heterolytic bond breaking is also known as heterolysis or heterolytic fission or ionic fission. It is defined as breaking of a covalent bond between two different atoms in which one atom gains both of the shared pair of electrons. The atom that gains both electrons is more electronegative than the other atom in covalent bond. The energy needed for heterolytic fission is called as heterolytic bond dissociation energy.
Polar Aprotic Solvent
Solvents that are chemically polar in nature and are not capable of hydrogen bonding (implying that a hydrogen atom directly linked with an electronegative atom is not found) are referred to as polar aprotic solvents. Some commonly used polar aprotic solvents are acetone, DMF, acetonitrile, DMSO, etc.
Oxygen Nucleophiles
Oxygen being an electron rich species with a lone pair electron, can act as a good nucleophile. Typically, oxygen nucleophiles can be found in these compounds- water, hydroxides and alcohols.
Carbon Nucleophiles
We are aware that carbon belongs to group IV and hence does not possess any lone pair of electrons. Implying that neutral carbon is not a nucleophile then how is carbon going to be nucleophilic? The answer to this is that when a carbon atom is attached to a metal (can be seen in the case of organometallic compounds), the metal atom develops a partial positive charge and carbon develops a partial negative charge, hence making carbon nucleophilic.
Please help me with both of these, I am very confused and would like to study
![**Question:**
Which of the following reducing agents is used in a reductive amination? You may choose more than one answer.
**Options:**
- [ ] H2, Pd/C
- [ ] NaBH4
- [ ] NaBH3CN
- [ ] LiAlH4
**Explanation:**
Reductive amination is a process in organic chemistry where a carbonyl compound is converted into an amine through a reduction step. This process involves the formation of an imine or iminium ion intermediate, which is subsequently reduced to form the corresponding amine. Suitable reducing agents are crucial for the efficiency and success of the reaction. Common reducing agents for reductive amination include:
1. **Sodium Cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN):**
- Preferred due to its mild reducing properties which specifically reduce imines and iminium ions without affecting other functional groups.
2. **Hydrogen (H2) with Palladium on Carbon (Pd/C):**
- Effective for the catalytic hydrogenation of imines; however, it is not as commonly used as NaBH3CN due to potential over-reduction or need for harsher conditions.
When preparing for this topic, it is essential to understand the role of each reducing agent and their applicability depending on the substrate and desired product.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F0d4380e5-aaed-4d6e-9f5d-d5a91d1bdc76%2F857f0cf0-7ee0-4fc5-a050-05556dab2404%2Faadk8xl_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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