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Which of the following is associated with the law of effect? Select all that apply. instrumental conditioning and operant responses Associations between stimulus and response are weakened if the response to a stimulus is followed by a negative reinforcer. Associations between stimulus and response are strengthened if the response to a stimulus is followed by a positive reinforcer.

Which of the following is associated with the law of effect? Select all that apply. instrumental conditioning and operant responses Associations between stimulus and response are weakened if the response to a stimulus is followed by a negative reinforcer. Associations between stimulus and response are strengthened if the response to a stimulus is followed by a positive reinforcer.

Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)
Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN:9780134477961
Author:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White
Publisher:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White
Chapter1: The Science Of Psychology
Section: Chapter Questions
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Please help me with both of these problems, they are related

**Question:** Which of the following is associated with the law of effect? Select all that apply. **Options:** 1. ☐ Instrumental conditioning and operant responses 2. ☐ Associations between stimulus and response are weakened if the response to a stimulus is followed by a negative reinforcer. 3. ☐ Associations between stimulus and response are strengthened if the response to a stimulus is followed by a positive reinforcer.
Transcribed Image Text:**Question:** Which of the following is associated with the law of effect? Select all that apply. **Options:** 1. ☐ Instrumental conditioning and operant responses 2. ☐ Associations between stimulus and response are weakened if the response to a stimulus is followed by a negative reinforcer. 3. ☐ Associations between stimulus and response are strengthened if the response to a stimulus is followed by a positive reinforcer.
### Understanding Imitation in Animal Behavior Studies In animal behavior studies, imitation is defined as the action of using someone else's behavior as a model and copying it. This often involves a learning process that includes observing and replicating an action performed by another individual. Consider the following multiple-choice question designed to test your understanding of what constitutes imitation in the context of animal behavior studies. #### Question: **Which of the following is NOT an example of "imitation", based on its strict definition in animal behavior studies?** - **A. ** A female guppy chooses to mate with one male after observing another female doing the same. - **B. ** A human toddler learns how to clap her hands by observing adults doing the same. - **C. ** Blue tits in Europe learned how to open milk glass bottles in the 1940’s after observing the first individual to perform such behavior. - **D. ** A pigeon learns how to open a box with its foot to obtain food after observing another pigeon. #### Analysis: Each option presents a scenario where one individual or species learns a behavior by observing another. To determine which scenario is not an example of imitation, it is crucial to understand that true imitation involves replicating a specific action observed, not merely the outcome or broader behavioral pattern. - **Option A** describes a female guppy’s choice influenced by observing another’s mate choice. This may be considered social learning but not strict imitation, as the guppy is replicating a choice, not a specific action. - **Option B** describes a human toddler learning a specific action (clapping hands) by observing adults, fitting precisely into the definition of imitation. - **Option C** describes birds learning to open milk bottles, a clear example of imitative learning as they replicate a specific technique observed. - **Option D** describes pigeons copying the specific action of opening a box with the foot, which is also a strict imitation. #### Conclusion: - **Correct Answer: A.** A female guppy chooses to mate with one male after observing another female doing the same. This choice represents social influence or social learning rather than direct imitation of a specific behavior.
Transcribed Image Text:### Understanding Imitation in Animal Behavior Studies In animal behavior studies, imitation is defined as the action of using someone else's behavior as a model and copying it. This often involves a learning process that includes observing and replicating an action performed by another individual. Consider the following multiple-choice question designed to test your understanding of what constitutes imitation in the context of animal behavior studies. #### Question: **Which of the following is NOT an example of "imitation", based on its strict definition in animal behavior studies?** - **A. ** A female guppy chooses to mate with one male after observing another female doing the same. - **B. ** A human toddler learns how to clap her hands by observing adults doing the same. - **C. ** Blue tits in Europe learned how to open milk glass bottles in the 1940’s after observing the first individual to perform such behavior. - **D. ** A pigeon learns how to open a box with its foot to obtain food after observing another pigeon. #### Analysis: Each option presents a scenario where one individual or species learns a behavior by observing another. To determine which scenario is not an example of imitation, it is crucial to understand that true imitation involves replicating a specific action observed, not merely the outcome or broader behavioral pattern. - **Option A** describes a female guppy’s choice influenced by observing another’s mate choice. This may be considered social learning but not strict imitation, as the guppy is replicating a choice, not a specific action. - **Option B** describes a human toddler learning a specific action (clapping hands) by observing adults, fitting precisely into the definition of imitation. - **Option C** describes birds learning to open milk bottles, a clear example of imitative learning as they replicate a specific technique observed. - **Option D** describes pigeons copying the specific action of opening a box with the foot, which is also a strict imitation. #### Conclusion: - **Correct Answer: A.** A female guppy chooses to mate with one male after observing another female doing the same. This choice represents social influence or social learning rather than direct imitation of a specific behavior.
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