- Which of the following is a force that helps to stabilize the orbitals of carbon atoms in the double bond of an alken a-hyperconjugation b- hyperphysics c- Zaitsev organization d-H-bonding 2- Cis-trans isomerism in alkenes is due to a- free rotation about the double bond c- free rotation about single bond b- restricted rotation about the double bond d- chiral carbon 3- Which of the following concepts explains Markovnikov's rule as applied to the addition of HBr to propene? a- the Aufbau principle b- the nucleophilicity of bromide anion d- the acidity of HBr c- the relative stability of carbocations 4- Why alkyl halides are considered to be very reactive compounds towards nucleophile? a- they have an electrophilic carbon c- they have an electrophilic carbon & a good leaving group d- they have a nucleophilic carbon & a good leaving group 5- What is the most likely reaction for a primary halide to undergo in the presence of relatively small base/nucleophile? a-S,2 b- Syl c- El d-El and Sl b- they have an electrophilic carbon & a bad leaving group 6- A compound with 2 degrees of unsaturation could have______ in it. a- all single bonds b- a double bond c- a triple bond d- a ring 7- Which of the following groups has the highest priority according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog sequence rules? a-CH=CH₂ b- C=CH c-CH(OH)CH3 d- CH₂CH₂OH a- SN1 8- The reagent needed to convert 2-butyne to cis-2-butene is : a-Na/NH, b- H₂/Pt c- H₂/Lindlar's catalyst 9- Arrowheads with a "half" head ("fish-hook") indicate a- Hetrolytic process b- Polar process c-homolytic process 10-Inversion of configuration results from which one of the following mechanisms? b- S 2 c- El d- LiNH; d- E2 d- No indication

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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are the organic compounds that are obtained in foods and living matters in the shape of sugars, cellulose, and starch. The general formula of carbohydrates is Cn(H2O)2. The ratio of H and O present in carbohydrates is identical to water.

Starch

Starch is a polysaccharide carbohydrate that belongs to the category of polysaccharide carbohydrates.

Mutarotation

The rotation of a particular structure of the chiral compound because of the epimerization is called mutarotation. It is the repercussion of the ring chain tautomerism. In terms of glucose, this can be defined as the modification in the equilibrium of the α- and β- glucose anomers upon its dissolution in the solvent water. This process is usually seen in the chemistry of carbohydrates.

L Sugar

A chemical compound that is represented with a molecular formula C6H12O6 is called L-(-) sugar. At the carbon’s 5th position, the hydroxyl group is placed to the compound’s left and therefore the sugar is represented as L(-)-sugar. It is capable of rotating the polarized light’s plane in the direction anticlockwise. L isomers are one of the 2 isomers formed by the configurational stereochemistry of the carbohydrates.