Which of the following illustrates noncontractual exchange-rate risk? A. A U.S. importer will owe £50,000 and the pound is expected to appreciate. B. A French airplane manufacturer has suppliers in the U.S. and the exchange rate has been unstable. C. A U.S. distributor of Japanese electronic goods expects the dollar to depreciate. D. A U.S. subsidiary of a German manufacturer transfers €100,000 to the parent annually.

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