Which of the following best describes bottom up control of an ecosystem? toxic compounds in mature leaves prevent herbivory by some consumers keystone predation of sea otters on sea urchins mesopredator consumption of small mammals O parasitoids infesting a tomato hornworm

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
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Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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**Question:** Which of the following best describes bottom-up control of an ecosystem?

- toxic compounds in mature leaves prevent herbivory by some consumers
- keystone predation of sea otters on sea urchins
- mesopredator consumption of small mammals
- parasitoids infesting a tomato hornworm

In this question, the focus is on understanding the concept of bottom-up control in ecosystems. Bottom-up control refers to how factors at the lower end of the food chain, such as plants or nutrient availability, influence the structure and population dynamics of an ecosystem. This contrasts with top-down control, where predators influence the ecosystem structure.

**Explanation:**
- The first option, "toxic compounds in mature leaves prevent herbivory by some consumers," is an example of bottom-up control. This describes how plants use defenses (toxic compounds) to deter herbivores, affecting the herbivore populations and beyond.

- The second option, "keystone predation of sea otters on sea urchins," illustrates top-down control, where predators (sea otters) help to control the population of prey (sea urchins).

- The third option, "mesopredator consumption of small mammals," also indicates a top-down process, where the behavior of mid-ranking predators affects prey populations.

- The fourth option, "parasitoids infesting a tomato hornworm," involves a top-down dynamic where parasitoids control the population of their host organisms.
Transcribed Image Text:**Question:** Which of the following best describes bottom-up control of an ecosystem? - toxic compounds in mature leaves prevent herbivory by some consumers - keystone predation of sea otters on sea urchins - mesopredator consumption of small mammals - parasitoids infesting a tomato hornworm In this question, the focus is on understanding the concept of bottom-up control in ecosystems. Bottom-up control refers to how factors at the lower end of the food chain, such as plants or nutrient availability, influence the structure and population dynamics of an ecosystem. This contrasts with top-down control, where predators influence the ecosystem structure. **Explanation:** - The first option, "toxic compounds in mature leaves prevent herbivory by some consumers," is an example of bottom-up control. This describes how plants use defenses (toxic compounds) to deter herbivores, affecting the herbivore populations and beyond. - The second option, "keystone predation of sea otters on sea urchins," illustrates top-down control, where predators (sea otters) help to control the population of prey (sea urchins). - The third option, "mesopredator consumption of small mammals," also indicates a top-down process, where the behavior of mid-ranking predators affects prey populations. - The fourth option, "parasitoids infesting a tomato hornworm," involves a top-down dynamic where parasitoids control the population of their host organisms.
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